The Boy Scouts of America (BSA), eine der größten privaten Jugendorganisationen in den Vereinigten Staaten, hat eine Politik, die diejenigen verbietet, die nicht bereit sind, die Erklärung der Religionsfreiheit der BSA zu unterschreiben, die normalerweise als Verbot von Atheisten interpretiert wird und bis Januar 2014 verboten alle "bekannten oder bekannten Homosexuellen" [1] die Mitgliedschaft in ihrem Scouting-Programm. Das Verbot von "offenen oder bekennenden Homosexuellen" [2] aus Führungspositionen wurde im Juli 2015 aufgehoben. [3] Vor diesen politischen Änderungen hatte die BSA den Mitgliedschaftsstatus oder die Führungspositionen wegen Verletzung dieser grundlegenden Prinzipien abgelehnt oder widerrufen. Die BSA hatte geltend gemacht, dass ihre Politik für die Mission von grundlegender Bedeutung sei, jungen Menschen die Werte des Pfadfinderversprechens oder des Oath und des Pfadfindergesetzes einzuräumen. [1][4]
Das gesetzliche Recht der Organisation auf Einhaltung dieser Richtlinien wurde sowohl vom Staat als auch vom Staat wiederholt bestätigt Bundesgerichte. In Boy Scouts of America gegen Dale hat der Oberste Gerichtshof der Vereinigten Staaten bestätigt, dass die BSA als private Organisation eigene Mitgliedschaftsstandards festlegen kann. Die BSA-Richtlinien wurden rechtlich angefochten, es wurde jedoch keine rechtswidrige Diskriminierung festgestellt, da die BSA als private Organisation in den Vereinigten Staaten das Recht auf Vereinigungsfreiheit hat, [5] wie in der Rechtssache festgestellt. [6] In den letzten Jahren haben die politischen Streitigkeiten zu Rechtsstreitigkeiten über die Bedingungen geführt, unter denen die BSA auf staatliche Ressourcen einschließlich öffentlicher Ländereien zugreifen kann.
Diese Politik hat zu verschiedenen Auseinandersetzungen und Kontroversen geführt. Sowohl der republikanische Präsidentschaftskandidat Mitt Romney als auch der damalige Präsident Barack Obama erklärten im Jahr 2012, dass sie sich gegen das Verbot von schwulen Pfadfindern ausgesprochen hätten. [7][8] Am 23. Mai 2013 billigte der Nationalrat der BSA eine Resolution, mit der die Einschränkung der Mitgliedschaft von Jugendlichen an der Vereinten Nationen aufgehoben wurde Grundlage der sexuellen Orientierung allein mit Wirkung zum 1. Januar 2014. Die Politik für erwachsene Führungskräfte blieb bis zum 27. Juli 2015 in Kraft. [9]
Positionen von Pfadfindern aus Amerika [ edit
Gem Die Pfadfinderinnen von Amerika suchen nach ihrem Leitbild "die Vorbereitung junger Menschen auf ethische und moralische Entscheidungen im Laufe ihres Lebens, indem sie die Werte des Pfadfindereids und des Gesetzes einfließen". [4] Alle Mitglieder sind als Bedingung erforderlich der Mitgliedschaft zu versprechen, diese beiden Zusagen zu wahren und zu befolgen. Die Texte des BSA Scout Eath und Scout Law for Boy Scouting sind seit ihrer Verabschiedung im Jahr 1911 [6] unverändert geblieben, und jedes Mitglied erklärt sich bereit, sie auf seinem Antragsformular zu befolgen.
Scout Eath
Zu meiner Ehre werde ich mein Bestes geben
Um meine Pflicht gegenüber Gott und meinem Land
zu erfüllen und dem Pfadfindergesetz zu gehorchen,
Anderen Menschen jederzeit zu helfen;
Um mich körperlich stark zu halten,
mental wach und moralisch gerade.
Pfadfindergesetz
Ein Scout ist vertrauenswürdig, loyal, hilfsbereit, freundlich, höflich, freundlich, gehorsam, fröhlich, sparsam, mutig, sauber und ehrfürchtig.
Bei der Wiederholung des Pfadfinder-Schwur versprechen die Pfadfinderinnen, sie zu tun Pflicht gegenüber Gott und moralisch aufrichtig zu sein; Das Scout-Gesetz besagt, dass ein Scout sauber und ehrfürchtig ist. Bereits 1978 hatten die Boy Scouts of America ein Memorandum zwischen den nationalen Führungskräften in Umlauf gebracht, in dem es als angemessen bezeichnet wurde, dass Homosexuelle keine Führungspositionen in der BSA bekleiden sollten. [10] In ähnlicher Weise hat die BSA seit mindestens 1985 den Pfadfinder-Schwur interpretiert Gesetz als unvereinbar mit Agnostizismus und Atheismus. [11] In beiden Fällen machte die Organisation geltend, es sei keine neue Politik, Atheismus, Agnostizismus und Homosexualität zu widersetzen und zu missbilligen, sondern erzwinge lediglich eine langjährige Politik, die niemals zuvor durchgesetzt worden sei veröffentlicht oder öffentlich herausgefordert. [10][12]
Programmunterschiede [ edit ]
Die Pfadfinderinnen von Amerika unterscheiden zwischen ihren Scouting-Programmen und dem Learning for Life-Programm. Die traditionellen Scouting-Programme sind Cub Scouting, Boy Scouting und Venturing. Erkundung ist das auf der Baustelle basierende Programm von Learning for Life. Führungspositionen und die Mitgliedschaft in den Learning for Life-Programmen stehen Jugendlichen und Erwachsenen ohne Einschränkung aufgrund von Geschlecht, sexueller Orientierung, Atheismus oder Agnostizismus offen. [13][14] Die umstrittenen Richtlinien, die die Mitgliedschaft einschränken, gelten nur für die Scouting-Programme.
Position zum religiösen Glauben [ edit ]
Die Pfadfinder von Amerikas offizieller Position in der Vergangenheit war, dass Atheisten und Agnostiker nicht als Pfadfinder oder erwachsene Pfadfinderführer an ihren traditionellen Pfadfindern teilnehmen können [15] [16]
Die Spiritualität ist seit ihrer Gründung ein fester Bestandteil der internationalen Pfadfinderbewegung. Bereits 1908 schrieb Scouting - Gründer Robert Baden - Powell im ersten Scout - Handbuch: "Niemand ist viel Gutes, wenn er nicht an Gott glaubt und seinen Gesetzen gehorcht." [17]
Die BSA hat den größten Teil ihrer Existenz übernommen vertritt die Auffassung, dass Atheisten und Agnostiker keine angemessenen Vorbilder des Pfadfindereids und des Gesetzes für Jungen sind und daher Personen nicht als Mitglieder oder erwachsene Führer akzeptiert haben. [1] Die Satzung der BSA enthält eine Deklaration des religiösen Prinzips, die alle Pfadfinder ( Erwachsene und Jugendliche) müssen im Rahmen des Beitrittsprozesses Mitglied werden. Es sagt aus:
Die Pfadfinderinnen von Amerika behaupten, dass kein Mitglied zum besten Bürger heranwachsen kann, ohne eine Verpflichtung gegenüber Gott anzuerkennen. Im ersten Teil des Pfadfindereids erklärt das Mitglied: "Zu meiner Ehre werde ich mein Bestes geben, um meine Pflicht gegenüber Gott und meinem Land zu tun und das Pfadfindergesetz zu befolgen." Die Anerkennung Gottes als herrschende und leitende Macht im Universum und die dankbare Anerkennung seiner Gefälligkeiten und Segnungen sind für die beste Art der Bürgerschaft notwendig und sind heilsame Gebote bei der Ausbildung der wachsenden Mitglieder. Unabhängig vom religiösen Glauben der Mitglieder sollte dieses grundlegende Bedürfnis nach einer guten Staatsbürgerschaft vor ihnen behalten werden. Die Pfadfinderinnen Amerikas erkennen daher das religiöse Element in der Ausbildung des Mitglieds an, sind aber absolut nicht-sektiererisch gegenüber dieser religiösen Ausbildung. Seine Politik ist, dass die Heimat und die Organisation oder Gruppe, mit der das Mitglied verbunden ist, dem religiösen Leben bestimmte Aufmerksamkeit schenken müssen. [16]
Die Deklaration des religiösen Prinzips wurde im ersten Jahrzehnt der Organisation verabschiedet, um die Besorgnis der römisch-katholischen Kirche zu beruhigen Angesichts der Arbeit des YMCA bei der Gründung von Scouting in den Vereinigten Staaten könnte dieses Scouting eine protestantische Proselytizing-Organisation sein. [ Zitat erforderlich
Boy Boy Scout Handbook sagt, dass "ein Pfadfinder ehrfürchtig" bedeutet, dass "ein Pfadfinder Gott gegenüber ehrfürchtig ist. Er ist treu in seinen religiösen Pflichten. Er respektiert die Überzeugungen anderer."
Über diese Anforderungen hinaus verlangt die BSA nicht die Einhaltung bestimmter religiöser Überzeugungen. Buddhisten, Anhänger amerikanischer Ureinwohner, Muslime, Juden, Christen aller Konfessionen und viele andere, einschließlich derer, die ihre eigene Spiritualität definieren, können Mitglieder der BSA sein. Die BSA erkennt religiöse Preise für etwa 35 Glaubensgruppen an, einschließlich des Islam, [nicht in Zitierung Judentum, [nicht in Zitaten, [1945654] Baha'i, Zoroastrianism, [ nicht in Zitierung angegeben ] Hinduismus, Sikhismus [ nicht in Zitierung angegeben und 28 Varianten Christentum. [18] Pfadfinder von Amerika - anerkannte religiöse Wappen existieren für eine Reihe von Religionen, während andere Wappen von der BSA nicht anerkannt werden. welche?
In Bezug Für den unitaristischen Universalismus hatte die BSA in der Vergangenheit Meinungsverschiedenheiten mit der Unitarian Universalist Association (UUA), die mindestens auf das Jahr 1992 zurückging, als die UUA gegen die Politik der BSA gegen Homosexuelle, Atheisten und Agnostiker protestierte. [19] The BSA widerrief seine Anerkennung des UUA-Programms Religion in Life im Jahr 1998 und erklärte, dass das UUA-Programm nicht kompatibel sei mit den BSA-Richtlinien möglich. [19] Nachdem die UUA einige Aspekte ihres Programms zurückgezogen hatte, wurde die Anerkennung wieder hergestellt, aber die gleichen Meinungsverschiedenheiten traten erneut auf, und die BSA widerrief die Anerkennung von UUA-Programmen 1999 erneut. [19]
Im März 2016 Nach einer Änderung der BSA-Politik in Bezug auf Homosexualität unterzeichnete die BSA mit der Unitarian Universalist Association (UUA) eine neue Absichtserklärung. [20] Die Absichtserklärung gibt jeder unitarischen Universalistengemeinde die Autorität über alle Phasen des Programms, die sich auf das geistige Wohlergehen auswirken von denen, die teilnehmen. Im Rahmen der Vereinbarung in der Absichtserklärung wurden die von der Unitarian Universalist Association entwickelten religiösen Embleme ab Mai 2016 wiedereingesetzt. [21] Unter den Bedingungen der Absichtserklärung hat die UUA gesagt, "wenn eine unitarian universalistische Gemeinschaft einen Pfadfinder beschließt Einheit, religiöse Lehren werden fest in der unitarisch-universalistischen Theologie verankert sein, während sie auch sagen, dass die UUA, obwohl sie dankbar in diese neue Beziehung zu den Pfadfindern Amerikas eintritt, die Notwendigkeit anerkennt, dass die BSA Pfadfinder und Führer dazu bejaht Der Glaube steht im Widerspruch zu unserer Tradition des nicht-zivilen Glaubens: Die UUA wird weiter daran arbeiten, die BSA auf eine stärkere Inklusion hin zu bewegen. " [22]
Die säkulare Koalition für Amerika hat den Kongress aufgefordert, den Bund zurückzuziehen Satzung der BSA: "Unsere Regierung darf sich nicht in religiöse Organisationen verstricken, noch sollte sie mit der Regierung imprimatur einen privaten religiösen Verein gründen." [23]
Position zum Geschlecht [ edit ]
Im Jahr 1967 wurde die Position der Pfadfinder der Pfadfinderinnen von Amerika in Höhlenführer geändert und für Männer und Frauen geöffnet. 1969 eröffneten die Pfadfinderinnen von Amerika Sonderposten für junge Frauen als "assoziierte Mitglieder". Zwei Jahre später beschlossen die Pfadfinderinnen von Amerika, jedem Explorer-Posten zu erlauben, junge Frauen und / oder junge Männer anzunehmen, je nach den Wünschen der gecharterten Organisation, und viele Explorer-Posten wurden koedukativ. (1998 wurde das Explorationsprogramm vollständig umstrukturiert und in zwei Programmkategorien unterteilt, in die sowohl Frauen als auch Männer aufgenommen wurden. Alle karriereorientierten Posten wurden unter dem Namen Exploring in Learning for Life versetzt, während der Rest (einschließlich outdoororientierter Posten) ) wurde das neue Venturing-Programm.) 1973 wurden die meisten Cub Scout-Führungspositionen für Frauen geöffnet, und 1976 wurden der Cubmaster, der Assistent Cubmaster und alle Kommissarinstellen auch von Frauen besetzt. [24] Catherine Pollard war die erste Frau Scoutmaster in den Pfadfindern Amerikas; Sie leitete die Pfadfindertruppe 13 in Milford, Connecticut, von 1973 bis 1975, aber die Pfadfinder von Amerika weigerten sich, sie bis 1988 als Pfadfinderin anzuerkennen. [edit] [19659008] Am 30. Januar 2017 gaben die Pfadfinderinnen von Amerika bekannt, dass Transgender-Jungen ab sofort nur für Jungenprogramme zugelassen werden dürfen. Zuvor bestimmte das Geschlecht, das in der Geburtsurkunde eines Bewerbers aufgeführt ist, die Berechtigung für diese Programme; In der Zukunft würde sich die Entscheidung auf das Geschlecht beziehen, das in dem Antrag aufgeführt ist. [27] Joe Maldonado war der erste offen transgender Junge, der am 7. Februar 2017 zu den Scouts stieß. [28] Bis In der offiziellen Position der Boy Scouts of America von 2017 bestand die Ansicht, dass Mädchen nicht an ihren Cub Scouting- oder Boy Scouting-Programmen teilnehmen könnten. [29] Die Programme Venturing und Learning for Life waren und sind jedoch für junge Männer und Frauen im Alter von 14 Jahren offen 21. [30] [31]
Am 11. Oktober 2017 gaben die Pfadfinder bekannt, dass Mädchen ab 2018 Cub Scouts werden dürfen 2019 wird ein separates Programm für ältere Mädchen zur Verfügung stehen, mit dem Mädchen den Rang eines Eagle Scout erhalten können. [32] [33]
Die Bewegung, um Mädchen als voll einzuschließen BSA-Mitglieder wurden vor allem von Sydney Irland in den öffentlichen Fokus gerückt. Die 16-jährige Irland war 2017 mit ihrem Bruder inoffiziell an Cub Scouts und Boy Scouts beteiligt und hatte Verdienstabzeichen und den Pfeil des Lichts absolviert, aber nichts davon wurde offiziell anerkannt, weil sie ein Mädchen ist. [34] Irland und ihre Familie starteten eine Change.org-Petition an die BSA-Führung, die eine gleichberechtigte Mitgliedschaft forderte. [35] Irlands Petition erlangte mediale Aufmerksamkeit [36][37] und benutzte eine E-Mail-Kampagne für Anhänger, um Kontakt mit der BSA-Führung aufzunehmen. [38] Es wurde von Scouts für unterstützt Gleichheit [39] und von der Nationalen Organisation für Frauen gebilligt. [40] Die BSA-Führung war aufgeschlossen und genehmigte einstimmig neue Programme, mit denen Mädchen und junge Frauen Cub Scouts und Boy Scouts erhielten. [41] [19599008] Als die BSA dieses Programm ankündigte, bekräftigte sie ihr Bekenntnis zum Jugendschutz. [42] Ein Teil der BSA-Ziele bei der Verabschiedung dieser Politik bestand darin, Familien mit Kindern verschiedener Geschlechter, so auch Schwestern, unterzubringen Cub Scouts könnte ebenfalls in das Programm aufgenommen werden, indem er Anfragen von Pfadfinderfamilien zitiert. [43] [44]
Michael Surbaugh, BSA-Chef Scout Executive sagte: "This Die Entscheidung stimmt mit der Mission und den Grundwerten der BSA überein, die im Pfadfinder-Eid und im Gesetz beschrieben sind. Die Werte des Scoutings - vertrauenswürdig, loyal, hilfsbereit, freundlich, mutig und ehrfürchtig - sind zum Beispiel für junge Männer und Frauen wichtig. "" Wir glauben, dass es entscheidend ist, zu entwickeln, wie unsere Programme den Bedürfnissen von Familien entsprechen, die sich für Positives interessieren lebenslange Erfahrungen für ihre Kinder. Wir bemühen uns, das, was unsere Organisation am besten kann - den Charakter und die Führungsrolle für junge Menschen zu entwickeln - so vielen Familien und Jugendlichen wie möglich zur Verfügung zu stellen, um die nächste Generation von Führungskräften mitzugestalten. " [41]
The Die am 11. Oktober 2017 für Cub Scouts angekündigte Politik behält die Aspekte des Geschlechts bei. Cub Scout Dens wäre entweder ein Mädchen oder ein All-Boy. Einzelne Packs hätten die Wahl, ob sie möchten, dass ihr Rudel sowohl Mädchen-Dens als auch Junge-Dens hat ; habe nur einen Jungen Dens oder starte ein neues Pack für Mädchen Dens. [45] Am 15. Januar 2018 wurde Abigail Lemon von Euless, TX, die erste weibliche Pfadfinderin in der BSA-Geschichte.
Position zu Homosexualität [ edit ]
Am 23. Mai 2013 stimmten die Pfadfinderinnen der amerikanischen Pfadfinder der amerikanischen Pfadfinder für das Aufheben des seit langem bestehenden Verbots homosexueller Jugendlicher im Programm. Mit Wirkung zum 1. Januar 2014 kann "keiner Jugend die Mitgliedschaft in den Pfadfindern Amerikas allein aufgrund der sexuellen Orientierung oder der Präferenz verweigert werden."
Zuvor bestand die offizielle Position der Pfadfinderinnen Amerikas darin, "Einzelpersonen, die offene oder offengelegte Homosexuelle sind" keine Mitgliedschaft als Pfadfinder oder Pfadfinderführer für Erwachsene in ihren traditionellen Pfadfinderprogrammen zu gewähren. [2][46][47] Bereits im Jahr 1980 Boy Scouts of America haben die Mitgliedschaft von offen homosexuellen Personen abgelehnt, die sich um Führungspositionen für Erwachsene beworben haben. [48] 1991 veröffentlichte die BSA eine Stellungnahme, in der die offizielle Position der Organisation zum Ausdruck gebracht wurde: "Wir glauben, dass homosexuelles Verhalten der Forderung des Scouts widerspricht Schwur, dass ein Pfadfinder moralisch gerade und im Pfadfindergesetz ist, dass ein Pfadfinder rein in Wort und Tat ist und dass Homosexuelle kein wünschenswertes Vorbild für Pfadfinder sind. "[49] Die BSA" glaubt daher, dass ein bekannter Homosexueller bekannt ist ist kein geeignetes Vorbild des Pfadfindereids und des Gesetzes. " [50]
Die Sprache, in der die BSA-Politik gegenüber homosexuellen Individuen beschrieben wird, hat sich weiterentwickelt In einer Stellungnahme von 1993 heißt es: "Wir gestatten keine Registrierung von erklärten Homosexuellen als Mitglieder oder als Anführer der BSA." [51] Die BSA verabschiedete 2004 eine neue Grundsatzerklärung, die eine bestimmte "Jugend" enthielt In der Führungspolitik heißt es: "Boy Scouts of America glaubt, dass homosexuelles Verhalten den Verpflichtungen im Pfadfinder-Eid und Pfadfinder-Gesetz widerspricht, in Gedanken, Worten und Taten moralisch klar und rein zu sein. Das Verhalten von Jugendmitgliedern muss mit dem Pfadfindereid und dem Gesetz übereinstimmen, und die Mitgliedschaft bei den Pfadfindern Amerikas hängt von der Bereitschaft ab, die Werte und Überzeugungen des Pfadfinders zu akzeptieren. Die meisten Jungen kommen zum Scouting, wenn sie 10 oder 11 Jahre alt sind. Im weiteren Verlauf des Programms wird von allen Pfadfindern erwartet, dass sie Führungspositionen einnehmen. In dem unwahrscheinlichen Fall, dass sich ein älterer Junge als homosexuell ausgeben würde, würde er nicht in der Lage sein, eine Führungsposition in der Jugend zu übernehmen. " [50]
Die BSA erklärte in einer Pressemitteilung aus dem Jahr 2000 "Boy Scouting bemüht sich nicht, die sexuelle Orientierung einer Person herauszufinden." [52] BSA-Antragsformulare für Jugendmitgliedschaft und Führungspositionen für Erwachsene fragen nicht nach der sexuellen Orientierung der Antragsteller und erwähnen nicht die Richtlinien der BSA bezüglich Homosexualität. [53] Die Mitgliedschaft wurde immer noch in Fällen widerrufen, in denen festgestellt wurde, dass eine Person offen homosexuell ist: 2005 wurde ein hochrangiger Angestellter von BSA vom Nationalrat entlassen, nachdem die Organisation eine Kopie seiner Rechnung von einem schwulen Erholungsort in erhalten hatte die er Urlaub gemacht hatte. [54] Im Jahr 2009 wurde der Mutter eines Vermont-Scouts und ihrem Partner aus der Zivilgesellschaft der freiwillige Einsatz seines Rudels untersagt, als sie erfuhren, dass sie schwul waren. [55]
Die BSA einmal a Gain bekräftigte seine Position in einer Pressemitteilung vom 7. Juni 2012, in der es heißt:
Die BSA-Richtlinie lautet: "Während die BSA nicht proaktiv nach der sexuellen Orientierung von Angestellten, Freiwilligen oder Mitgliedern fragt, gewähren wir keine Mitgliedschaft für Personen, die offene oder anerkannte Homosexuelle sind oder sich in einem Verhalten verhalten Ablenkung von der Mission der BSA: Scouting glaubt, dass gleichgeschlechtliche Anziehung außerhalb des Programms mit Eltern, Betreuern oder spirituellen Beratern zu gegebener Zeit und am richtigen Ort eingeführt und diskutiert werden sollte. Die große Mehrheit der Eltern ist uns wertvoll Dieses Recht, und unterzeichnen Sie Ihre Kinder nicht für Scouting, um diese Themen in irgendeiner Weise einzuführen oder zu diskutieren. Die BSA ist eine freiwillige, private Organisation, die Richtlinien festlegt, die für die Organisation am besten sind. Die BSA begrüßt alle, die ihr Recht teilen Überzeugungen, kritisiert oder verurteilt jedoch nicht diejenigen, die einen anderen Weg einschlagen wollen. "[2][46]
Am 17. Juli 2012 erreichte ein elfköpfiges, von der BSA einberufenes 11-köpfiges Gremium am 17. Juli 2012 eine "Einhelliger Konsens": Empfehlung, die derzeitige Politik beizubehalten. [56] Im Nationalen BSA-Exekutivkomitee befanden sich die Mitglieder James Turley, CEO von Ernst & Young, und Randall Stephenson, CEO von AT & T, und waren auf gutem Weg, Präsident der Scout zu werden National Board im Jahr 2014 ", [57] lehnten öffentlich die Politik ab und erklärten ihre Absicht," aus dem BSA-Board heraus aktiv an der Förderung des Dialogs und des nachhaltigen Fortschritts "bei der Änderung der Politik mitzuwirken. [58] [59]
Am 28. Januar 2013 erklärte die BSA, dass sie erwäge, das Verbot von schwulen Anführern und Mitgliedern aufzuheben. "Die in der Diskussion befindliche Änderung der Politik würde es den religiösen, staatsbürgerlichen oder pädagogischen Organisationen ermöglichen, die das Scouting beaufsichtigen und durchführen, um zu bestimmen, wie dieses Problem angegangen werden soll", sagte Deron Smith, PR-Direktor, in der Erklärung. [60][61][62] USA Today berichtete, dass die Änderung der Politik auf der nächsten Sitzung des National Executive Board vom 4. bis 6. Februar 2013 verabschiedet werden könnte. [63] Am 6. Februar kündigte das 70-köpfige Executive Board an, dass es "mehr Zeit für eine absichtliche Überprüfung" seines Unternehmens brauche Das Verbot von Schwulen und die Verzögerung der endgültigen Entscheidung bis zur weitaus größeren Nationalen Jahrestagung im Mai 2013, bei der Vertreter aller Gemeinderäte vertreten werden. [64] [edit] 19659008] Am 19. April 2013 kündigten die Boy Scouts of America einen Vorschlag an, Jugendliche nicht mehr aufgrund sexueller Orientierung zu verweigern, sondern ihr Verbot von offen schwulen erwachsenen Führern aufrechtzuerhalten. [66] Die HLT-Kirche veröffentlichte eine Erklärung zur Unterstützung des Vorschlags. [67] [68]
Am 23. Mai 2013 stimmten die 1.400 stimmberechtigten Mitglieder des National Council der Boy Scouts of America zum Aufheben das Verbot, Schwule offen in die Pfadfinder einzulassen, von 61% bis 38%. Offene schwule Jungen dürfen ab Januar 2014 Pfadfinder werden, aber offen schwulen Erwachsenen ist es weiterhin verboten, Anführer zu sein. [69] [70]
Pascal Tessier, 17 Jahre -old aus Chevy Chase, Md., wurde der erste bekannte schwulen Boy Scout, der im Jahr 2014 ein Eagle Scout wurde. [71] Tessier wurde der erste offen schwule erwachsene Boy Scout in der Nation, der als Anführer eines Sommerlagers angestellt wurde wurde vom New Yorker Kapitel der Pfadfinder der New Yorker Pfadfinder angeheuert, Greater New York Councils. [72]
Im Mai 2015 sagte der Präsident der BSA, Robert Gates, der Nationalversammlung der BSA in Atlanta, dass er der Ansicht sei Die derzeitige Politik, offen schwule Erwachsene von Führungspositionen auszuschließen, ist "nicht nachhaltig" und sollte frühzeitig geändert werden. Er sagte der Organisation, die jüngsten Ereignisse hätten es zunehmend wahrscheinlicher gemacht, dass die BSA ernsthafte rechtliche Herausforderungen für diese Politik habe. Er plädierte dafür, diesen Ausschluss aus den Richtlinien der BSA zu streichen, erlaubte jedoch jeder gecharterten Organisation (70% davon sind religiöse Organisationen), Kriterien für erwachsene Führungskräfte ihrer Einheiten festzulegen, die den Werten der Organisation entsprechen. Gates gab in späteren Kommentaren an, dass er erwartete, dass die BSA bis Oktober 2015 zu seinen Empfehlungen greifen würde.
Am 10. Juli 2015 stimmte das Exekutivkomitee der Pfadfinderinnen von Amerika mit Gates überein und stimmte einstimmig für eine politische Änderung, die das nationale Verbot von schwulen Erwachsenen effektiv beenden würde. Die Abstimmung durch das Exekutivkomitee musste vor dem Erlass des Nationalrats ratifiziert werden. Beamte der Boy Scouts of America erklärten, dass die Abstimmung im Laufe des Monats stattfinden werde. [73] Als Bestätigung der Entscheidung des Nationalen Exekutivkomitees stimmte das Nationalexekutivkomitee am 27. Juli der Aufhebung des Verbots von offen schwulen Erwachsenen durch die Organisation zu. 19659106] Zu der endgültigen Abstimmung gehörten 45 Stimmen und 12 Stimmen. [75]
Reaktionen [ edit ]
Unterstützung [] ] [19659111] Die Kontroverse um die Mitgliedschaft und die anschließenden Rechtsstreitigkeiten, von denen einige als Reaktion auf das im Jahre 2000 [BoyceoutsofAmericavDale] ergangene Urteil ergriffen wurden, hat zu einer Reihe von Unterstützungsbekundungen für die BSA-Organisation geführt. oder Richtlinien. Im Jahr 2002 bekräftigte das National Executive Board von Boy Scouts of America seine Unterstützung für die Politik und bekräftigte, dass "die Boy Scouts of America weiterhin ihren traditionellen Werten und Führungsstandards folgen werden".
Einzelne, Kommentatoren und konservative Gruppen haben sich zur Unterstützung der Pfadfinder von Amerika ausgesprochen. Die BSA-Website bietet eine Liste von Redaktionen, die zur Unterstützung der BSA verfasst wurden. [76]
Eine konservative bürgerliche Freiwilligengruppe, die American Civil Rights Union (nicht zu verwechseln mit der ACLU) up in den Scouting Legal Defense Fund ein und half regelmäßig bei Klagen. [77] In einer zur Unterstützung der BSA eingereichten gerichtlichen Schriftsatz argumentierte die American Civil Rights Union (US-amerikanische Bürgerrechtsunion), dass "Diskriminierung und Ausgrenzung [the BSA's membership policies] und eine Verletzung der Bürgerrechte ist ein Angriff auf die Freiheit der amerikanischen Bürger, traditionelle moralische Werte voranzubringen, zu fördern und zu lehren. "[78] Im Jahr 2000 gründete eine Gruppe aktueller und ehemaliger Mitglieder der BSA die Gruppe" Save Our Scouts ", um sie zu ordnen. die Prinzipien des Pfadfindereids und des Gesetzes zu unterstützen und zu verteidigen ". Diese Gruppe wurde später als Wohltätigkeitsorganisation geschlossen, weil keine Jahresberichte eingereicht wurden. [79]
Im Jahr 2005 schrieb der 19-jährige Eagle Scout Hans Zeiger ein Buch mit dem Titel Get Off Meine Ehre: Der Angriff auf die Pfadfinder Amerikas . In einem Interview mit der Washington Times sagte er, dass "die Ehre der Pfadfinder in der amerikanischen Kultur angegriffen wird". Zeiger applaudierte, was er als den Mut der BSA sah, dem politischen Druck zu widerstehen, und sagte: "Unabhängig davon, was zur Homosexualität führt, ist dies eine Sache, die in unserer Gesellschaft eine Agenda hat und die traditionelle Familie sehr schädigt und eine enorme Menge an Menschen verursacht den jungen Männern schaden. Die Pfadfinder sind eine der wenigen Organisationen, die den moralischen Sinn haben, sich gegen die homosexuelle Agenda zu stellen. " [80]
Die Kirche Jesu Christi der Heiligen der Letzten Tage ( LDS Church, ein langjähriger Unterstützer der Boy Scouts of America, lehrt, dass homosexuelle Aktivitäten unmoralisch sind. [81] Die LDS Church ist der größte Einzelsponsor von Scouting-Einheiten mit bundesweit über 30.000 Einheiten, die etwa 13% der BSA-Jugendmitglieder ausmachen [82][83] Im Jahr 2000 erklärte ein Anwalt, der die HLT-Kirche vertritt, dass "die Kirche Jesu Christi der Heiligen der Letzten Tage ... sich vom Pfadfindern zurückziehen würde, wenn sie gezwungen wäre, offen homosexuelle Pfadfinderführer zu akzeptieren". [82][84] nicht anders r von der HLT-Kirchenpolitik, wonach "nicht-praktizierenden" selbsternannten schwulen Mitgliedern die gleichen Rechte und Privilegien wie alle anderen Kirchenmitglieder zustehen.
Ein Sprecher der HLT gab eine Erklärung ab: "Wir raten anderen, nicht über unsere Position zu spekulieren ... Die Kirche von 19459902 hat auch keine Kampagne gestartet, um eine Politikänderung zu bewirken oder zu verhindern." [85] [85]
Das Verbot der BSA für offen schwule Mitglieder wurde von der Westboro Baptist Church, deren Anführer Fred Phelps selbst Eagle Scout war, unterstützt. [86]
Im März 2013 eine Untergruppe der Scouting-Community startete "OnMyHonor.net", eine selbstbeschriebene Gruppe ", die sich in ihrer Unterstützung der zeitlosen Werte von Scouting und ihrer Opposition gegen offene Homosexualität in den Scouts einig ist." [87][88] Der General Counsel von Boy Scouts of America beschrieb OnMyHonor als "externe Partei" und verlangte, dass die Website mit offiziellen BSA-Logos auf der Website eingestellt wurde. [89]
Am 12. Juni 2013 erließ die Southern Baptist Convention unverbindliche Beschlüsse, in denen sie aufgefordert wurde BSA, um ihre Politik nicht zu ändern. [90][91]
Oppo sition [ edit ]
Es gab Widerstand gegen Organisationen der BSA-Mitgliedschaft von Organisationen und Einzelpersonen. Einige Mitglieder der Scouting-Bewegung sowie langjährige Scouting-Unterstützer, Eltern, gecharterte Organisationen und religiöse Organisationen haben sich gegen die Politik in einer Weise geäußert, die von Protesten bis zur Bildung von Organisationen reicht, die sich für eine stärkere Inklusivität einsetzen. Einige drängen auf eine freiwillige Änderung innerhalb der BSA, andere streben eine unwillkürliche Änderung durch Klagen an, andere entscheiden sich dafür, sich von der BSA zu distanzieren oder andere dazu zu ermutigen.
Der wohl vokalste Gegner der Politik war die American Civil Liberties Union, die von 1981 bis März 2006 vierzehn Klagen gegen die Boy Scouts of America anhängte oder daran beteiligt war. [92] Einige Mitglieder der USA Der Kongress hat sich auch gegen die Politik der BSA ausgesprochen. [93] Seit der Dale-Entscheidung haben einige Eagle Scouts (etwa 100) ihr Eagle Scout-Abzeichen aus Protest an die BSA zurückgegeben. [94] [95]
Scouting hatte berichtet, dass der National Scout Jamboree 2013 von der Band Train und der Sängerin Carly Rae Jepsen überschrieben werden würde. [96] Im März 2013 zitierten beide die BSA-Politik bezüglich Homosexueller als Barriere für ihre Leistung. Train veröffentlichte eine Erklärung, in der er sagte, dass die Gruppe "jede Politik, die die Gleichheit eines amerikanischen Bürgers in Frage stellt, entschieden ablehnt. Wir freuen uns auf die Teilnahme am Jamboree in diesem Sommer, solange sie zuvor die richtige Entscheidung treffen." [19659134ImMärztratderEntertainerMadonnaalsScoutinderÖffentlichkeitaufundfordertedieAufhebungdesVerbots[98]
Religiöse Organisationen [ edit ]
Der Widerstand der Unitarian Universalist Association gegen die Der Ausschluss von BSA-Mitgliedern führte zu einem Streit zwischen den Organisationen. Dies wurde 2016 beschlossen, als die BSA und die UUA ein neues Memorandum of Understanding unterzeichneten, in dem die Beziehung zwischen den Organisationen und den religiösen Emblemen der UU wiederhergestellt wurde. [99] Im Jahr 2001 forderte die Union for Reform Judaism für soziales Handeln die Verpflichtung zur Beendigung auf Diskriminierung in allen Formen, in einem Memorandum, in dem empfohlen wurde, dass die Gemeinden keine BSA - Truppen mehr stationieren sollten und die Eltern ihre Kinder aus allen Programmen der Pfadfinder der Vereinigten Staaten ziehen sollten. [100] Darüber hinaus gab die General - Synode der Vereinigten Kirche von Christus eine Erklärung heraus, in der sie aufgefordert wurden BSA, um die Politik zu ändern, und erklärte: "Diskriminierung von Personen, die auf sexueller Orientierung beruhen, widerspricht unserem Verständnis der Lehren Christi." [101]
[ edit ]
Einige öffentliche Einrichtungen und private Einrichtungen haben aufgehört finanzielle oder sonstige Unterstützung der BSA, hauptsächlich als Folge von Konflikten zwischen deren Nichtdiskriminierungspolitik und der Mitgliedschaftspolitik der BSA. Etwa 50 der 1.300 örtlichen United Ways, einschließlich derer in Cleveland, Miami, Orlando, Philadelphia, San Francisco und Seattle, haben die gesamte Finanzierung zurückgezogen. [102][103] Die BSA hat auch die gesamte Finanzierung von mehreren großen Konzernen verloren, die regelmäßig Geber waren B. Chase Manhattan Bank, Levi Strauss, Fleet Bank, CVS Pharmacy und Pew Charitable Trusts. [102] Beispielsweise entschlossen sich Pew Charitable Trusts, die die BSA seit über fünfzig Jahren konsequent unterstützt hatten, für eine Spende in Höhe von 100.000 US-Dollar Zukünftige Spenden. [102] Am 22. September 2012 zog Intel, der größte Unternehmensspender der BSA, offiziell seine finanzielle Unterstützung von allen Truppen ab, die keine Erklärung unterzeichnen können, in der sie bestätigen, dass die Truppe nicht aufgrund ihres Glaubens oder ihrer sexuellen Ausrichtung diskriminiert. [104] In November 2012, the UPS Foundation, a philanthropic division of UPS, halted its financial donations, amounting to $85,000 in 2011, to the BSA because of its discrimination based on sexual orientation.[105] In 2012, Merck & Co. stopped its funding due to the policy excluding gays and lesbians.[106][107] In 2013, restaurant chain Chipotle publicly pulled support over the ban.[108]
On June 14, Caterpillar Inc. cut its funding of the BSA, saying "We have inclusive policies here at Caterpillar Inc. [...] We would certainly consider a change in the future grants - if there was a change that aligned with what our non-discrimination policies are."[109] A Pennsylvania chapter of the United Way withheld funding over the decision to exclude openly gay leaders.[110]
In December 2013, Lockheed Martin announced it would end donations to the BSA over the organization's ban on openly gay adults serving as leaders.[111]
The United Way had ended financial support for the Great Trails Council after it refused to sign a non-discrimination policy.[112] United Way officials stated that such an agr eement was not unique.[47]
Individuals[edit]
Eagle Scout filmmaker Steven Spielberg had been a long-time supporter of Scouting, depicting a young Indiana Jones as a Boy Scout in the 1989 film Indiana Jones and the Last Crusade and helping to create the Cinematography merit badge. Spielberg resigned from the BSA Advisory Council in 2001, saying, "it has deeply saddened me to see the Boy Scouts of America actively and publicly participating in discrimination."[113]
In March 2013, Microsoft founder and former Scout Bill Gates called on the BSA to lift the ban.[114][115]
The Democratic and Republican 2012 Presidential candidates - Barack Obama and Mitt Romney - both disagreed with the BSA's policy.[116]
Within the Boy Scouts[edit]
Some troops have ignored the ban for years. Every year when it comes time to renew its charter, troops simply cross out a promise to abide by the Boy Scouts' policies.[117]
In a 2012 survey asking open-ended questions 5,800 respondents (9%) mentioned the policy in their answers. Of those who did mentioned the policy, 95 percent said the "reaffirmation of the membership policy negatively impacted their loyalty" to the BSA.[118]
In March 2013, the BSA invited its members to take an online survey about the LGBT ban.[119] The survey asked multiple questions, one of which explored the role of gay youth in Scouting:
Tom started in the program as a Tiger Cub, and finished every requirement for the Eagle Scout Award at 16 years of age. At his board of review Tom reveals that he is gay. Is it acceptable or unacceptable for the review board to deny his Eagle Scout award based on that admission?
Accord to results released by the BSA, 78% of parents felt it was unacceptable to deny the Scout his Eagle award simply because of his orientation, while only 18% felt it was acceptable. Teens and Scouting Alumni who completed the survey responded similarly.[120]
In May 2013, the Western Los Angeles County Council, which oversees some 30,000 youth, released a statement calling for a "true and authentic inclusion policy" that would allow both gay leaders as well as gay Scouts.[121] Just days before the national vote to include gay Scouts (but not leaders), the Connecticut Yankee Council, which serves about 25,000[122] Scouts, issued an official statement saying "Scouting in the Connecticut Yankee Council is open to all youth and adults who subscribe to the values of the Scout Oath and Law regardless of their personal sexual orientation."[123][124]
On May 22, the sitting president of the BSA, Wayne M. Perry, published an op-ed "Let in gay boys" urging passage of the resolution.[125]
At the BSA annual national meeting of local council representatives in Boston in 2001, nine local councils submitted a resolution to give more discretion for membership and leadership standards to local councils and chartered organizations; this resolution and two others also seeking to liberalize the policy towards homosexuals were considered by the BSA National Executive Board but the initiative failed in 2002.[126] The policy was revised to the current policy in 2004 and reaffirmed in 2012.
Nine councils from large metropolitan centers requested the right to define their own membership policies.[47][112] The proposal was taken to a national relationships committee.[47]
As a result of unit level non-discrimination policies, charters were revoked from several Cub Scout packs in Oak Park, Illinois.[112] In 2003 the Cradle of Liberty Council in Philadelphia approved a non-discrimination policy, but the national council forced the local council to revoke the policy.[127] National ruled that local councils may not deviate from the national policy of not granting membership to openly gay kids.[127] In 2005 the Cradle of Liberty Council adopted another non-discrimination policy, but in 2006 the city of Philadelphia began asking for a more clear-cut non-discrimination policy.[127] Due to the council's refusal, the city ordered the council to pay fair-market rent for Scout offices in a landmark Philadelphia building where the annual rate had been a dollar, resulting in the Cradle of Liberty Council v. City of Philadelphia lawsuit, that was ultimately decided in the Scouts' favor and a federal court decision that the city had unfairly targeted the Scouts.[127]
In April 2014, Boy Scouts of America rescinded the charter of the Boy Scouts troop at Rainier Beach United Methodist Church in Seattle, Washington because their leader was openly gay. The chapter said they would retain the Scout leader and continue to operate without Boy Scouts affiliation.[128]
Inclusive scouting groups[edit]
In 1991, William Boyce Mueller, a former Cub Scout and grandson of original Boy Scouts of America founder William Dickson Boyce, helped start an advocacy group of gay former Scouts called the "Forgotten Scouts".[129]
The Inclusive Scouting Network, founded in August 2000, is a group promoting an end to the membership biases. Its website, http://www.inclusivescouting.net has been used as the central hub for all of its information and is still currently being used. An award called the Inclusive Scouting Award has been promoted through them for people who are actively trying to better the Scouting experience.[130]
Scouting for All sought to promote tolerance and diversity within the BSA.[131] Scouter Dave Rice co-founded Scouting for All in 1993, initially for the purpose of changing the BSA policy on sexual orientation. In 1998, the Boy Scouts of America dismissed him after 59 years of membership for "involving Scouting youth" in his effort. Rice, who is not gay, stated that he obeyed all rules and guidelines and that he never misused his leadership status or promoted an agenda during troop meetings. He maintains that the Boy Scouts of America violated its own rules by summarily dismissing him without granting him a chance to present evidence to a regional review board as is required by the BSA's "Procedures for Maintaining Standards of Membership".[132][133]
Scouts for Equality has persuaded several United Way groups to remove funding, as well as having Intel end its $700,000 annual support of local troops.[134] The organization also maintains a list of Eagle Scouts who have renounced their Eagle awards.
The Baden-Powell Service Association (BPSA)[135][better source needed]is a traditional and inclusive co-ed scouting organization in the United States that takes its name from the Scouting movement founder, Robert Baden-Powell.[136] The BPSA mission statement states "BPSA welcomes everyone, regardless of race, gender identity, sexual orientation, class, ability, religion (or no religion), or other differentiating factors. Our mission is to provide a positive learning environment within the context of democratic participation and social justice. We foster the development of scouts in an environment of mutual respect and cooperation."[137] The BPSA is a member of the World Federation of Independent Scouts (WFIS).[138] The BPSA was founded in 2008 by David Atchley of Washington, Mo., who as a leader of his son's Cub Scout pack had a rift with regional BSA leaders over his efforts to adopt a nondiscrimination code.[139]
Mixed or neutral opinions[edit]
The United Methodist Church, the second-largest sponsor of Scouting units, has taken no public position on the controversy surrounding allowing openly gay leaders in Scouting, although in recent years the Church itself has had an ongoing internal debate regarding whether or not to accept LGBT clergy.[citation needed]
In 2001, the Boston Minuteman Council in Massachusetts approved a non-discrimination bylaw in regard to sexual orientation while also clarifying that discussions of sexual orientation were not permitted in Scouting.[140] A national Scout spokesperson explained that the council's bylaw did not conflict with national policy.[140] A spokesperson from the Cradle of Liberty Council explained that there is an unofficial "don't ask, don't tell" policy regarding sexual orientation.[127] The Scout Executive of the Minuteman Council believes that the local councils have a large amount of autonomy.[140]
However, after the Minuteman Council approved its non-discrimination bylaw, it rejected the merit badge application of an openly gay individual whose membership in the BSA had previously been revoked in New Hampshire.[140] The Minuteman Council asserted that "We will not accept anybody who has had his membership revoked by the national council."[140] The United Way ended financial support of the Minuteman Council as a result of the controversy.[112][140]
Litigation over membership policies[edit]
The Boy Scouts of America has been sued because of its membership, leadership, and employment standards.[141] Some of the lawsuits dealt with the BSA's standards that require Scouts and Scouters to believe in God, those in leadership positions to not be openly homosexual, and the exclusion of girls from membership in some programs.[1][50][142]
There has been some opposition to single-sex membership programs and organizations in the United States including some programs of the BSA.[143] The Boy Scouts of America admits only boys to its Cub Scouting and Boy Scouting programs. Several lawsuits involving girls seeking admission to these programs have resulted in court rulings that the BSA is not required to admit girls[144] (see Yeaw v. Boy Scouts of America).[29]
During the 1980s and 1990s,several people attracted media attention when they sued the BSA, attempting to make them accept atheists as members and openly homosexual individuals in leadership positions.
In 1981, Tim Curran, an openly homosexual former Scout, sued asking that he be accepted as an assistant Scoutmaster (see Curran v. Mount Diablo Council).[48] In 1991, twin brothers William and Michael Randall, who had refused to recite the "duty to God" portion of the Cub Scout Promise and Boy Scout Oath, sued to be allowed to continue in the program (see Randall v. Orange County Council and Welsh v. Boy Scouts of America).[145] In addition, there were several other lawsuits involving essentially the same issues.[146] Ultimately, the courts ruled in favor of the Boy Scouts of America in each case.
The courts have repeatedly held that the Boy Scouts of America, and all private organizations, have a right to set membership standards in accordance with the First Amendment protected concept of freedom of association. In particular, in Boy Scouts of America v. Dale, the U.S. Supreme Court ruled in 2000 that the BSA's Constitutional right to freedom of association gave the organization the authority to establish its own membership and leadership standards and to expel a gay assistant Scoutmaster.[6][147]
After the Dale decision, public opinion in some communities turned against the BSA; corporations, charities, and even some local governments criticized the policy, threatening to either cut off financial support or block the Boy Scouts from using public buildings for their meetings. While some segments of the public criticized the organization, other groups became more enthusiastic in their support of the Scouts.[148]
Since the Supreme Court's ruling, the focus of lawsuits has shifted to challenging the BSA's relationship with governments in light of their membership policies. A number of lawsuits have been filed by or with the assistance of the American Civil Liberties Union over issues such as government association with the BSA and the conditions under which the BSA may access governmental resources.[149]
Relationship with governments[edit]
California considered and rejected the Youth Equality Act. This act would ban organizations with tax exemptions "from discriminating on the basis of sexual orientation or gender identity."[150]
A number of public entities (including the cities of Chicago, San Diego, Tempe, Buffalo Grove, Berkeley, and Santa Barbara, as well as the states of California, Illinois, and Connecticut) have canceled charitable donations (of money or preferential land access) that had historically been granted to the Scouts.[102][151][152]
[edit]
The American Civil Liberties Union (ACLU) has taken legal action to stop governmental organizations from serving as the chartered organizations (sponsors) of Scouting units in violation of the establishment clause of the First Amendment. The Department of Defense announced in 2004 that it would end direct sponsorship of Scouting units in response to a lawsuit brought by the ACLU.[153][154] The ACLU's Illinois branch stated that the Boy Scouts discriminated against prospective members who did not want to be sworn in using a religious oath.[155]
The BSA agreed in 2005 to transfer all charters it had issued to governmental entities to private entities in response to a request from the ACLU.[156] Previously, about 400 Scouting units had been sponsored by U.S. military bases and over 10,000 by other governmental entities, primarily public schools.[157]
Access to governmental resources[edit]
Historically, the BSA (and the Girl Scouts of the USA) has often been granted preferential access to governmental resources such as lands and facilities. In certain municipalities, the conditions under which the Boy Scouts of America can access public and nonpublic governmental resources have become controversial, sometimes resulting in litigation.
When a private organization such as the BSA receives access on terms more favorable than other private organizations, it is known as "special" or "preferential" access whereas "equal" access is access on the same terms. For example, state and local governments may lease property to nonprofit groups (such as the BSA) on terms that are preferential to or equal to the terms they offer to commercial groups, in other words they may give nonprofit groups either special or equal access. Special access includes access at a reduced fee (including no fee) or access to places off-limits to other groups. The categorization of access as "special" or "equal" is not always clear-cut.
Some cities, counties, and states have ordinances or policies that limit government support for organizations that practice some types of discrimination. When the BSA's membership policies are perceived as contrary to these laws, some government organizations have moved to change the terms under which the BSA is allowed to access its resources. Private individuals have filed lawsuits to prevent governmental entities from granting what they see as preferential access.[158] The BSA on the other hand has sued governmental entities for denying what it sees as equal access.[149]
In response to these changes and litigation, the federal government passed laws mandating that BSA units be given equal access to local and state-level governmental resources. The Boy Scouts of America Equal Access Act, enacted in 2002, requires public elementary and secondary schools that receive U.S. Department of Education funding to provide BSA groups equal access to school facilities.[159] The Support Our Scouts Act of 2005 requires state and local governments that receive HUD funding to provide BSA groups equal access to governmental forums (lands, facilities, etc.). State and local governments still have flexibility regarding the provision of special access to the BSA.[160]
Litigation regarding access to governmental resources[edit]
Litigation has challenged the granting of preferential or equal access of the Boy Scouts of America to governmental facilities and resources, but in the majority of cases mentioned, BSA's use of the facilities was sustained:
- A US District Court's ruling against the BSA on the favorable terms under which the City of San Diego leases public land to the local BSA Council was overturned by Ninth US Court appeals in 2012. The court stated: "There is no evidence the city's purpose in leasing the subject properties to the Boy Scouts was to was to advance religion, and there is abundant evidence that its purpose was to provide facilities and services for youth activities," wrote Judge William C. Canby Jr. See Barnes-Wallace v. Boy Scouts of America.
- Philadelphia attempted to revoke the terms under which the City of Philadelphia leases public land to the BSA. The US District Court ruled June 2010 in favor of the Boy Scouts of America and that the city's selective actions against the council were actually designed to impinge BSA's First Amendment rights.[161][162] Under federal Civil Rights Law, the Cradle of Liberty Council is also entitled to collect its legal costs from the city's unlawful action. On March 21, 2012, the Federal judge formally ordered the city pay all of the Boy Scouts legal fees and denied the city's motion for an appeal. The Boy Scouts may also continue to occupy the building rent free as the organization has done since it had paid for construction of the building in 1929.[163] See Cradle of Liberty Council v. City of Philadelphia.
- In July 2003, the 2nd U.S. Circuit Court of Appeals upheld a decision by a U.S. District Judge that excluded the BSA from an annual workplace charitable campaign run by the state of Connecticut because of the BSA's policy on homosexuals. In March 2004, the United States Supreme Court declined to review the case.[164]
- In March 2006, the California Supreme Court ruled in Evans v. Berkeley that the City of Berkeley did not have to continue to provide free dock space to the Sea Scouts.[165] In October 2006, the United States Supreme Court declined to review Evans v. Berkeley.[166]
- In September 2006, the Oregon Supreme Court ruled that recruiting by BSA in public schools did not violate the state's nondiscrimination laws.[167]
- The U.S. Army had given the BSA special access to a base, Fort A.P. Hill, for its national Scout jamboree and the U.S. Department of Defense had spent approximately $2 million per year in taxpayer funds to assist the BSA in staging it. The US Court of Appeals overturned a lower court ruling on the basis of a lack of standing to sue, thus allowing the 2010 Jamboree to go forward with continued DoD support (see Winkler v. Rumsfeld).[149][168] Despite the BSA's legal victory, the BSA Jamboree left Fort A.P. Hill—starting in 2013, the Scout Jamborees have been moved off public land to the new BSA-owned The Summit Bechtel Family National Scout Reserve.
Support from federal government[edit]
The U.S. House of Representatives and the U.S. Senate have overwhelmingly passed resolutions in support of the Boy Scouts of America. In November 2004, the House passed a resolution, by a vote of 391 to 3, recognizing "the Boy Scouts of America for the public service the organization performs".[169] Then, in February 2005, the House passed a resolution by a vote of 418 to 7, stating that "the Department of Defense should continue to exercise its long-standing statutory authority to support the activities of the BSA, in particular the periodic national and world Scout jamborees."[170]
The U.S. Congress has twice passed bills in response to the governmental resources access controversy. In 2001, the U.S. Congress passed the Boy Scouts of America Equal Access Act, which was included as part of the No Child Left Behind Act, and which encouraged the BSA's access to educational facilities. In July 2005, the Senate voted 98 to 0 in favor of the Support Our Scouts Act, which was included as part of the Department of Defense Appropriations Act and was enacted in December 2005, which encourages both governmental support of the Boy Scouts in general and federal support of the national Scout jamboree.
Senator Bill Frist, one of the sponsors of the Support Our Scouts Acts, spoke highly of the BSA, saying:
This unique American institution is committed to preparing our youth for the future by instilling in them values such as honesty, integrity, and character.
Of the Act, Frist explained:
This legislation will allow the Boy Scouts to fulfill its mission without the distraction of defending itself against senseless attacks.[171]
President of the United States William Howard Taft began serving as the first Honorary President of the Boy Scouts of America in 1911; the tradition has been followed by each succeeding U.S. President. In July 2001, President George W. Bush addressed the National Scout Jamboree via videotape and, although he did not directly discuss the controversies, reiterated his support for the organization. Bush commended the Scouts for upholding "values that build strong families, strong communities, and strong character" and said that the Scouts' values "are the values of America."[172]
In January 2009, the American Humanist Association and eighteen other nontheistic organizations sent an open letter to then President-Elect Obama urging him not to serve as the Boy Scouts' honorary president because of the Scouts' positions on religion.[173] Ignoring this, Obama accepted the position of Honorary President and has received the BSA's annual report from groups of Scouts every February from 2009 through 2013.[citation needed]
On July 29, 2010, President Obama chose not to attend the Scouts' centennial Jamboree, sending a videotaped greeting instead and doing an interview on the daytime talk show The View. This decision was met with criticism, and raised speculation that the President's absence was a subtle protest against the Scouts' policies, or deferring to groups opposed to BSA's policies. However, he did send Secretary of Defense Robert M. Gates to represent him, and other Presidents, such as Eisenhower and Reagan, had previously sent representatives to National Jamborees instead of attending personally.
Other youth organizations[edit]
There are affiliated Scouting organizations in other countries with less restrictive membership criteria than the BSA by choice and/or because of nondiscrimination laws in their lands, as well as organizations with similar policies. In the United States, other major youth organizations tend to have less restrictive policies.
Several youth development organizations have formed directly in response to disagreement with BSA's membership policies.
In September 2013, a new Scouting group (not affiliated with the BSA) called Trail Life USA (which will not admit openly gay youth) was created.[174][175][176] In September 2013, several Baptist congregations, as well as churches from other Christian denominations, replaced their Boy Scouts of America troops with those of Trail Life USA.[177]
World Organization of Scouting Movement programs[edit]
The Boy Scouts of America has belonged to the World Organization of the Scout Movement (WOSM) since its founding in 1922. WOSM has a membership of 155 National Scout Organizations with more than 28 million individuals.[178] Only one Scouting organization per country is recognized by WOSM. In about ten percent of the countries, the National Scout Organization is a federation composed of more than one Scout association; some of the associations in a federation may be for members of a specific religion (e.g., Denmark and France), ethnicity (e.g., Bosnia and Israel), or native language (e.g., Belgium).
On religion, WOSM states the following about its Fundamental Principles:[179]
Under the title "Duty to God", the first of the above-mentioned principles of the Scout Movement is defined as "adherence to spiritual principles, loyalty to the religion that expresses them and acceptance of the duties resulting therefrom". It should be noted that, by contrast to the title, the body of the text does not use the word "God", in order to make it clear that the clause also covers religions which are non-monotheistic, such as Hinduism, or those which do not recognize a personal God, such as Buddhism.
The value system of the BSA and other Scouting associations may differ; this is evident in the different Scout promises and laws used by associations. Most other Scouting associations laws do not include the very specific wording to be "reverent" and "morally straight" which BSA added at its founding in 1910. Correspondingly, the membership policies of Scouting associations may differ as well (see Scout Promise and Scout Law).
"Duty to God" is a principle of worldwide Scouting and WOSM requires its member National Scout Organizations to reference "duty to God" in their Scout Promises (see WOSM Scout Promise requirements). Scouting associations apply this principle to their membership policies in different ways. Scouts Canada defines "duty to God" broadly in terms of "adherence to spiritual principles" and does not have any explicit policy excluding non-theists.[180] According to the old Equal Opportunities Policy of The Scout Association in the United Kingdom:
To enable young people to grow into independent adults the Scout method encourages young people to question what they have been taught. Scouts and Venture Scouts who question God's existence, their own spirituality or the structures and beliefs of any or all religions are simply searching for spiritual understanding. This notion of a search for enlightenment is compatible with belief in most of the world's faiths. It is unacceptable to refuse Membership, or question a young person's suitability to continue to participate fully in a Section, if they express doubts about the meaning of the Promise.[181]
On January 1, 2014 the Scout Association allowed an additional revised promise "that can be taken by people with no affirmed faith and humanists".[182] and changed its Equal Opportunities Policy to state that neither youth nor adults should be discriminated against for, among other reasons, "religion or belief (including the absence of belief)".[183]
The membership policies of Scouting organizations also vary regarding the inclusion of girls, see Coeducational Scouting.
Historical membership controversies[edit]
There have been membership controversies in the past which have been resolved, such as those related to the exclusion of women from some leadership positions, the breakup of Exploring, and racial segregation.
Racial segregation[edit]
Segregated public schools were declared unconstitutional in 1954 by a unanimous Supreme Court ruling in Brown v. Board of Educationbut the Boy Scouts of America included racially segregated units as late as 1974.[184]
In 1974, the National Association for the Advancement of Colored People sued in response to such racial discrimination in Latter-day Saints-affiliated troops. Two 12-year-old black Scouts sought to fill the role of Senior Patrol Leader. Mormon boys enter the lowest level of the priesthood at 12, and the church's rules required that the Senior Patrol Leader be a deacon with the church.[185] Until 1978, Mormon doctrine prohibited people of African descent from being members of the priesthood, and thus black Scouts were prohibited from holding the office of Senior Patrol Leader in Mormon-affiliated troops.[186] The parties ultimately reached settlement.
In popular culture[edit]
An episode of the NBC comedy The New Normalentitled "About a Boy Scout", discusses the controversy.[187]
Comedy Central's popular satirical show South Park parodied BSA's policy in their season 5 episode two, "Cripple Fight".[188]
BSA membership size[edit]
Annual Youth Membership
Year
Tiger Cubs,
Cubs,
Webelos
Boy Scouts,
Varsity Scouts
Venturers (post-1997),
Explorers (pre-1998),
not incl. LFL (post-1989)
Total
Traditional
Scouting
1960[189]
1,865,000
1,647,000
271,000
3,783,000
1970[189]
2,438,000
1,916,000
329,000
4,683,000
1975[189]
1,997,000
1,503,000
434,000
3,933,000
1980[189]
1,696,000
1,064,000
447,000
3,207,000
1981[189]
1,643,000
1,101,000
499,000
3,244,000
1982[189]
1,693,000
1,126,000
606,000
3,425,000
1983[189]
1,693,000
1,116,000
758,000
3,567,000
1984[189]
1,638,000
1,078,000
941,000
3,657,000
1985[189]
1,668,000
1,063,000
1,024,000
3,755,000
1986[189]
1,974,000
1,042,000
1,021,000
4,037,000
1987[189]
2,110,000
1,032,000
1,037,000
4,180,000
1988[189]
2,148,000
1,025,000
1,055,000
4,228,000
1989[189]
2,156,000
1,008,000
1,083,000
4,247,000
1990[189]
2,181,000
1,011,000
741,000
3,933,000
1991[189]
2,126,000
979,000
362,000
3,467,000
1992[189]
2,111,000
976,000
367,000
3,454,000
1993[189]
2,067,000
979,000
380,000
3,426,000
1994[189]
2,031,000
978,000
394,000
3,403,000
1995[189]
2,037,000
981,000
401,000
3,419,000
1996[189]
2,095,000
1,000,000
422,000
3,517,000
1997[189]
2,153,000
1,016,000
455,000
3,624,000
1998[189]
2,171,000
1,023,000
188,000
3,382,000
1999[190]
2,181,013
1,028,353
202,486
3,411,852
2000[190]
2,114,405
1,003,681
233,828
3,351,914
2001[190]
2,043,478
1,005,592
276,434
3,325,504
2002[190]
2,000,478
1,010,791
293,323
3,304,592
2003[190]
1,914,425
997,398
288,395
3,200,218
2004[190]
1,875,752
988,995
280,584
3,145,331
2005[191]
1,745,324
943,426
249,948
2,938,698
2006[192]
1,701,861
922,836
244,256
2,868,963
2007[192][193]
1,687,986
913,588
254,259
2,855,833
2008[193][194]
1,665,635
905,879
261,122
2,832,636
2009[195]
1,634,951
898,320
257,361
2,790,632
2010[196]
1,601,994
898,852
238,846
2,739,692
2011[197]
1,583,166
909,576
231,127
2,723,869
2012[198]
1,528,421
910,163
219,453
2,658,794
2013[199]
1,417,034
888,947
192,080
2,498,061
2014[200]
1,295,527
854,692
157,655
2,307,874
2015[201]
1,261,340
840,654
142,892
2,244,886
2016[202]
1,262,311
822,999
136,629
2,221,939
2017[203]
1,245,882
834,124
87,827
2,167,833
Peak Year
1970
1970
1989
1970
Most Recent Peak
1999
1999
2008
1997
change
(1999 to 2015)
-42.2%
-18.3%
-29.4%
-34.2%
See also[edit]
References[edit]
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- ^ "Support Our Scouts Act of 2005". US Library of Congress. March 16, 2005.
- ^ "Pennsylvania: City Cannot Evict Scouts for Gay Ban". Die New York Times . June 24, 2010.
- ^ "Jury says Philly can't evict Boy Scouts for anti-gay policy". Philadelphia Daily News. June 24, 2010. Retrieved January 2, 2012.
- ^ Campisi, Jon (March 22, 2012). "Judge orders City of Phila. to pay $877,000 in legal fees stemming from Boy Scouts discrimination suit". PennRecord.com. Retrieved October 25, 2012.
- ^ Seper, Jerry (March 9, 2004). "High Court Spurns Appeal by Scouts". The Washington Times. Archived from the original on December 24, 2005. Retrieved May 25, 2008.
- ^ "Berkeley Sea Scout Decision Appealed to United States Supreme Court". Pacific Legal Foundation Press Release. July 11, 2006. Archived from the original on August 13, 2006. Retrieved November 3, 2006.
- ^ Egelko, Bob (October 17, 2006). "Top Court Rejects Sea Scouts' Appeal On Rent Subsidy". San Francisco Chronicle. p. B2.
- ^ "Court OKs Boy Scout Recruiting At Schools". The Oregonian. Archived from the original on April 2, 2008. Retrieved March 18, 2009.
- ^ "Prominent Chicago Religious Leaders Ask Federal Appellate Court to Protect Government Neutrality in Religion and End Pentagon's Extraordinary Funding for Boy Scout Jamboree". ACLU of Illinois Press Release. April 5, 2006. Retrieved November 3, 2006.
- ^ "House Resolution 853: Recognizing the Boy Scouts of America for the Public Service the Organization Performs for Neighborhoods and Communities Across the United States". Library of Congress. Retrieved May 25, 2008.
- ^ "House Concurrent Resolution 6". Library of Congress. Retrieved May 25, 2008.
- ^ "Alexander, Frist Announce "Support Our Scouts Act Of 2005"". Archived from the original on February 26, 2009. Retrieved March 18, 2009.
- ^ "Bush Calls Scout Values 'America's Values'". CNSNews.com. Archived from the original on December 6, 2007. Retrieved May 25, 2008.
- ^ "President-Elect Obama Asked to Turn Down Boy Scouts of America". American Humanist Association. Retrieved April 9, 2009.
- ^ Payne, Ed (September 9, 2013). "Trail Life USA launches a Boy Scout alternative". CNN.
- ^ Lohr, Kathy (September 9, 2013). "Trail Life USA, The 'Other' Boy Scouts Of America". NPR.
- ^ "Trail Life USA: An alternative to the Boy Scouts". Washington Post. September 9, 2013.
- ^ "Boy Scouts or an alternative? Churches continue to deliberate". Baptist Press. September 16, 2013. Archived from the original on September 27, 2013. Retrieved December 21, 2013.
- ^ "Census". World Organisation of the Scout Movement. Archived from the original on January 21, 2007. Retrieved September 3, 2007.
- ^ "Fundamental Principles". Elements for a Scout Program. World Scout Bureau, P.O. Box 241 1211 Geneva 4, Switzerland. 1992. Retrieved January 22, 2010.
(this appears on a web site maintained by Canadian Scouter Liam Morland but is reprinted from a WOSM publication)
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- ^ "Equal Opportunities Policy: Guidelines with reference to Young People: Religious belief". Policy Organisation and Rules. The Scout Association. Archived from the original on November 17, 2006. Retrieved October 5, 2007.
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- ^ "Equal opportunities policy". The Scout Association. Retrieved June 21, 2016.
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- ^ "Black Boy Scout Ban Threatens Church". Observer-Reporter. September 11, 1974. Retrieved April 29, 2013.
- ^ "NAACP Sues Boy Scouts Despite Policy Change". Jet. August 29, 1974. Retrieved April 29, 2013.
- ^ Reiher, Andrea (March 7, 2013). "'The New Normal': Boy Scouts episode is 'a loving tribute' to scouting that also explores the gay controversy". Zap2it. Archived from the original on October 21, 2013. Retrieved September 7, 2014.
- ^ "Official South Park Studios Wiki". wiki.southpark.cc.com.
- ^ a b c d e f g h i j k l m n o p q r s t u v "443. Boy Scouts and Girl Scouts--Membershi p and Units". Retrieved February 28, 2014.
- ^ a b c d e f "Boy Scouts of America Membership Declines". Archived from the original on June 29, 2006. Retrieved January 2, 2012.
- ^ "Annual Traditional Membership Summary (2006)". Boy Scouts of America. 2007. Retrieved June 23, 2009.
- ^ a b "Annual Traditional Membership Summary (2007)". Boy Scouts of America. 2008. Retrieved June 23, 2009.
- ^ a b "Learning for Life Annual Participation Summary". Boy Scouts of America. 2008. Archived from the original on September 24, 2009. Retrieved January 15, 2010.
- ^ "Annual Traditional Membership Summary (2008)". Boy Scouts of America. Archived from the original on June 12, 2009. Retrieved June 23, 2009.
- ^ "Annual Report 2010". Boy Scouts of America. 2010. Retrieved March 20, 2011.
- ^ "Annual Report 2011". Boy Scouts of America. 2011. Retrieved February 18, 2012.
- ^ "2011 BSA Annual Report" (PDF). Boy Scouts of America. 2011. Archived from the original (PDF) on November 14, 2012. Retrieved February 4, 2013.
- ^ "At a Glance". Boy Scouts of America. 2012. Archived from the original on July 6, 2012. Retrieved February 4, 2013.
- ^ "2013 Report to the Nation" (PDF). Boy Scouts of America. 2013. Retrieved February 28, 2014.
- ^ "2014 Report to the Nation" (PDF). Boy Scouts of America. Retrieved April 21, 2015.
- ^ "2015 Report to the Nation" (PDF). Boy Scouts of America. January 31, 2016. Retrieved June 21, 2016.
- ^ "2016 Report to the Nation" (PDF). Boy Scouts of America. Retrieved May 12, 2017.. There were also 119,268 youth in Exploring/STEM Scouts and 372,891 in Learning for Life but the membership restrictions do not apply to those segments of the Boy Scouts of America (except for the STEM Scouts where the restrictions on atheists do seem to apply).
- ^ "2017 Report to the Nation" (PDF). Boy Scouts of America. Retrieved 20 March 2018.. There were also 114,751 in Exploring/Career based programs and 376,837 in Learning for Life.
External links[edit]
- Sites supportive of the Boy Scouts of America's policies
- Sites critical of the Boy Scouts of America's policies
- Other sites
- Publications
- Ellis, Richard J. (2014). Judging the Boy Scouts of America: Gay Rights, Freedom of Association, and the Dale Case. University Press of Kansas. ISBN 978-0-7006-1951-1
- Koppelman, Andrew and Tobias Barrington Wolff (2009). A Right to Discriminate?: How the Case of Boy Scouts of America v. James Dale Warped the Law of Free Association. Yale University Press. ISBN 978-0-300-12127-8.
- Perry, Rick [2008]. On My Honor: Why the American Values of the Boy Scouts Are Worth Fighting for. Stroud & Hall Publishers. ISBN 978-0-9796462-2-5.
- Volokh, Eugene Freedom of Expressive Association and Government Subsidies. Stanford Law Review (UCLA) 58: 1919–1968.
Tom started in the program as a Tiger Cub, and finished every requirement for the Eagle Scout Award at 16 years of age. At his board of review Tom reveals that he is gay. Is it acceptable or unacceptable for the review board to deny his Eagle Scout award based on that admission?
This unique American institution is committed to preparing our youth for the future by instilling in them values such as honesty, integrity, and character.
This legislation will allow the Boy Scouts to fulfill its mission without the distraction of defending itself against senseless attacks.[171]
Under the title "Duty to God", the first of the above-mentioned principles of the Scout Movement is defined as "adherence to spiritual principles, loyalty to the religion that expresses them and acceptance of the duties resulting therefrom". It should be noted that, by contrast to the title, the body of the text does not use the word "God", in order to make it clear that the clause also covers religions which are non-monotheistic, such as Hinduism, or those which do not recognize a personal God, such as Buddhism.
To enable young people to grow into independent adults the Scout method encourages young people to question what they have been taught. Scouts and Venture Scouts who question God's existence, their own spirituality or the structures and beliefs of any or all religions are simply searching for spiritual understanding. This notion of a search for enlightenment is compatible with belief in most of the world's faiths. It is unacceptable to refuse Membership, or question a young person's suitability to continue to participate fully in a Section, if they express doubts about the meaning of the Promise.[181]
Cubs,
Webelos
Varsity Scouts
Explorers (pre-1998),
not incl. LFL (post-1989)
Traditional
Scouting
(1999 to 2015)
- ^ a b c d "Duty to God". BSALegal.org. Archived from the original on May 9, 2008. Retrieved May 25, 2008.
- ^ a b c "Current Membership Policy". Boy Scouts of America. June 7, 2012. Retrieved September 13, 2013.
- ^ "Boy Scouts Lifts Its Ban on Gay Troop Leaders". Second Nexus. July 27, 2015. Retrieved August 10, 2015.
- ^ a b "Core Values". BSALegal.org. Archived from the original on October 4, 2006. Retrieved October 2, 2006.
- ^ Volokh, Eugene (May 23, 2006). "Freedom Of Expressive Association And Government Subsidies" (PDF). Stanford Law Review. 58: 1919–1968. Retrieved November 12, 2008.
- ^ a b c "Decision of Superior Court of New Jersey Appellate Division, A-2427-95T3, Dale v. Boy Scouts (1998)". Rutgers School of Law-Camden. Archived from the original on October 20, 2003. Retrieved September 2, 2007.
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- ^ a b Boy Scouts of America et al. v. Dale (2000) Decision of the US Supreme Court
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Venturers and Sea Scouts registered in a crew or ship prior to their 21st birthday may continue as members after their 21st birthday until the crew or ship recharters or until they reach their 22nd birthday, whichever comes first.
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- ^ a b c "Access to Government Forums". BSALegal.org. Archived from the original on April 17, 2009. Retrieved July 9, 2006.
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(this appears on a web site maintained by Canadian Scouter Liam Morland but is reprinted from a WOSM publication) - ^ "BSA and Religious Belief". BSA Discrimination.org. Retrieved May 25, 2008.
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- ^ "Official South Park Studios Wiki". wiki.southpark.cc.com.
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- ^ a b c d e f "Boy Scouts of America Membership Declines". Archived from the original on June 29, 2006. Retrieved January 2, 2012.
- ^ "Annual Traditional Membership Summary (2006)". Boy Scouts of America. 2007. Retrieved June 23, 2009.
- ^ a b "Annual Traditional Membership Summary (2007)". Boy Scouts of America. 2008. Retrieved June 23, 2009.
- ^ a b "Learning for Life Annual Participation Summary". Boy Scouts of America. 2008. Archived from the original on September 24, 2009. Retrieved January 15, 2010.
- ^ "Annual Traditional Membership Summary (2008)". Boy Scouts of America. Archived from the original on June 12, 2009. Retrieved June 23, 2009.
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- ^ "2016 Report to the Nation" (PDF). Boy Scouts of America. Retrieved May 12, 2017.. There were also 119,268 youth in Exploring/STEM Scouts and 372,891 in Learning for Life but the membership restrictions do not apply to those segments of the Boy Scouts of America (except for the STEM Scouts where the restrictions on atheists do seem to apply).
- ^ "2017 Report to the Nation" (PDF). Boy Scouts of America. Retrieved 20 March 2018.. There were also 114,751 in Exploring/Career based programs and 376,837 in Learning for Life.
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