Die Neue Kadampa-Tradition - Internationale Kadampa-Buddhisten-Union (NKT-IKBU) ist eine globale buddhistische neue religiöse Bewegung, die 1991 von Kelsang Gyatso in England gegründet wurde. 2003 wurden die Worte "International Kadampa Buddhist Union" ( IKBU) wurde dem ursprünglichen Namen "New Kadampa Tradition" hinzugefügt. Die NKT-IKBU ist eine internationale Organisation, die in England als gemeinnütziges oder gemeinnütziges Unternehmen registriert ist. [1][2] Sie führt derzeit mehr als 200 Zentren und rund 900 Zweigklassen / Studiengruppen in vierzig Ländern. [3]
Die NKT- Die IKBU bezeichnet sich selbst als "eine völlig unabhängige buddhistische Tradition", die von "den alten buddhistischen Kadampa-Meistern und ihren Lehren, wie sie von Kelsang Gyatso präsentiert werden" inspiriert und geleitet wird. [4] Ihr Gründer, Kelsang Gyatso, hat sich bemüht, mehr buddhistische Meditation und Lehre zu machen für das Leben des 21. Jahrhunderts leicht zugänglich. [5] Er wollte auch sicherstellen, dass die Menschen den tibetischen Buddhismus nicht einfach aus akademischer Sicht studieren, sondern lernen, dieses Wissen durch Meditation und praktische buddhistische Erfahrung zu erweitern. [6] The Die NKT-IKBU wird als "sehr erfolgreich bei der Verbreitung ihrer Lehren" beschrieben [6] und die Bücher von Geshe Kelsang wurden als "sehr populär" bezeichnet. [6]
Die NKT-IKBU hat sich rasch erweitert eine andere buddhistische Tradition in Großbritannien. Es wurde als "kontroverse Organisation" [4] und "kontroverse" neue religiöse Bewegung beschrieben, [7] ein Kult, [8] oder eine abtrünnige buddhistische Sekte. [7][9]
Geschichtlicher Hintergrund der Bildung des NKT edit ]
1976 gründeten die Studenten von Thubten Yeshe das Manjushri Institute [10] mit Lama Yeshe als Spiritueller Direktor und erwarben das Vermögen des Conishead Priory, eines vernachlässigten viktorianischen Herrenhauses in Ulverston (Cumbria). , England für £ 70.000. [11][12] Im selben Jahr besuchten Thubten Yeshe und Thubten Zopa Rinpoche Kelsang Gyatso in Indien und luden ihn ein, am Manjushri Institute zu unterrichten, das Teil ihres FPMT-Netzwerks war. [12]
Laut David N Kay, Kelsang Gyatso wurde 1976 von Thubten Yeshe und Thubten Zopa eingeladen, die bei der Wahl von Kelsang Gyatso den Rat des 14. Dalai Lama suchten. [12] Laut einer NKT-Broschüre bat Lama Yeshe Trijang Rinpoche, Kelsang Gyatso zu fragen werden Resident Teacher des Manjushri-Instituts. Kelsang Gyatso erzählte später, dass Kyabje Trijang Rinpoche ihn gebeten hatte, nach England zu gehen, Shantidevas Anleitung zum Lebensweg von Bodhisattva Chandrakirtis Anleitung zum mittleren Weg und Lamrim zu unterrichten und dann zu prüfen Es gab irgendeine Bedeutung in seinem fortdauernden Bleiben. "[13]
Kelsang Gyatso wurde von Lama Yeshe gebeten, das" Allgemeine Programm "der buddhistischen Studien zu leiten. 1979 bat Lama Yeshe eine Geshe des Manjushri Institute, Geshe Jampa Tekchok, um eine Lehre zu unterrichten ein zwölfjähriges Geshe-Studienprogramm, das vom Dalai Lama anerkannt und validiert wurde und dem Studienprogramm für den traditionellen Geshe-Abschluss nachempfunden war. [12][14] Von 1982 bis 1990 wurde dieses Programm von Geshe Konchog Tsewang geleitet. [15] Lama Yeshe, ein Schüler von dieser Zeit, beabsichtigte Lama Yeshe, dass das Institut "das zentrale Kloster des FPMT ... eines der frühen Juwelen der FPMT-Krone" und "der Pionier unter den westlichen Zentren" werden sollte. [12]
In der Ende der 1970er Jahre, Ke lsang Gyatso eröffnete, ohne Thubten Yeshe zu konsultieren, ein buddhistisches Zentrum in York unter seiner eigenen spirituellen Anleitung. Kay sieht darin den Beginn eines Konflikts zwischen Thubten Yeshe und Kelsang Gyatso. [16] Laut Kelsang Gyatso "hat die Eröffnung des Zentrums in York jedoch keinen Augenblick der Verwirrung oder Disharmonie verursacht". [17] war Kelsang Gyatso bat um Rücktritt, so dass ein anderer Geshe, der von Kay als "den FPMT-Zielen mehr gewidmet" beschrieben wurde, als ansässiger Lehrer des Manjushri Institute die Leitung übernehmen könnte. [16] Viele Studenten von Kelsang Gyatso baten ihn, zu bleiben und ihn zu unterrichten Aufgrund dessen entschied er sich zu bleiben. [16] In den folgenden Jahren vor 1990 gründete Kelsang Gyatso in Großbritannien und Spanien unter seiner eigenen Leitung 15 Zentren. [18]
Sowohl Kay als auch Cozort bezeichnen den Verwaltungsausschuss des Manjushri Institute ab 1981 als zusammengesetzt vor allem von Kelsang Gyatsos engsten Schülern, auch bekannt als "Prioritätsgruppe". [16][19] Laut Kay: "Die Prioritätsgruppe wurde mit der zunehmend zentralisierten Organisation des FPMT unzufrieden." [16] Staaten von Cozort diese unterschiedlichen Meinungsverschiedenheiten "führten zu einer Kluft zwischen Lama Yeshe und seinen Studenten und Geshe Kelsang Gyatso und seinem, und schließlich löste der Manjushri-Vorstand (bestehend aus Geshe Gyatsos Studenten) die Verbindung zwischen Institut und FPMT." [19] zu Kay versuchte Lama Yeshe zu verschiedenen Zeiten, seine Autorität über das Institut wieder geltend zu machen, aber seine Versuche waren erfolglos. [20] Kay beschreibt einen offenen Konflikt zwischen den Mitgliedern der Prioratsgruppe und der FPMT-Verwaltung im Jahr 1983. [19659032] Im Februar 1984 wurde der Konflikt vom Büro des Dalai Lama in London vermittelt. [16] Kay gibt an, dass die FPMT nach dem Tod von Thubten Yeshe im März 1984 das Interesse verlor, weil sie den Fall als fruchtlosen Fall ansah. [19659034SeitdieserZeitsoKayhatsichdasManjushriInstitutehauptsächlichunterderLeitungvonKelsangGyatsoohneweiterenHinweisaufdieFPMTentwickelt[16] blieb aber rechtmäßig bis Ende 1990 Teil der FPMT. [21]
Laut Kay von den beiden Geshes am Manjushri Institute war es Kelsang Gyatso, der sich immer mehr für die Leitung und die Leitung des Instituts interessierte, und die meisten Studenten dort waren näher bei ihm. [22] The Kurse, die von beiden Geshes angeboten wurden, ergänzten sich, aber, wie Kay bemerkte, unterschieden sie sich "in einem wichtigen Punkt: Nur das allgemeine Programm von Geshe Kelsang beinhaltete Kurse zum tantrischen Buddhismus, und deren Teilnahme erforderte die Aufnahme einer tantrischen Ermächtigung." [23] Kay argumentiert, dass "die unterschiedlichen ideologischen Perspektiven von Lama Yeshe und Geshe Kelsang die Bedingungen für den organisatorischen Streit zwischen dem Institut und dem FPMT bildeten, um zu eskalieren. Kelsang Gyatso war bereits dazu veranlasst, seine Studenten in ihrem Kampf mit der FPMT-Administration zu unterstützen, weil die Organisation von einer Vision inspiriert war, mit der er nicht völlig übereinstimmte. "[24]
Kay schreibt das", die Entschlossenheit von Geshe Kelsang und der Prioritätsgruppe sich von der Mutterorganisation zu trennen, war kompromisslos, und diese Position wurde in den folgenden Jahren nur verhärtet. "Die Trennung von der Gelug-Schule und FPMT beschreibt er wie folgt:
Geshe Kelsangs Wahrnehmung von sich selbst und seinen Zentren gegenüber der zeitgenössischen Gelug-Sekte änderte sich dramatisch, und er kam zu der Überzeugung, dass er die Tradition von Tsongkhapa nur durch Trennung von der degenerierten Welt der Tibeter und insbesondere von Gelug aufrechterhalten kann , Buddhismus. [25]
Kelsang Gyatso machte von 1987 bis 1990 einen dreijährigen Rückzug in Dumfries, Schottland, und bat Geshe Losang Pende vom Ganden Shartse-Kloster, das Generalprogramm in seiner Abwesenheit zu leiten, während Geshe Konchog Tsewang weiterhin die Geshe Studies unterrichtete Programm im Conishead Priory (Manjushri Institute). [26] Verschiedene Lamas, darunter Thubten Zopa, waren immer noch eingeladen. [26] Insbesondere der Besuch von Thubten Zopa im Jahr 1988 "ist bedeutsam, was auf die fortwährende Hingabe der Schüler an diesem Lama und deren Lama hinweist Wunsch, die Negativität des Schismas mit der FPMT in der Vergangenheit zu hinterlassen. "[26] In den Jahren 1988 und 1990 wurde der Onkel von Kelsang Gyatso, Choyang Duldzin Kuten Lama - das Orakel von Dorje Sh Ugden besuchte auch das Manjushri Institute. [26] Vor dieser Zeit lehrten Song Rinpoche, Geshe Lhundup Sopa, Geshe Rabten sowie andere buddhistische Lehrer wie Ajahn Sumedho und Thích Nhất Hạnh am Manjushri Institute. [27]
Während der Periode von Kelsang Gyatso Er schrieb einige seiner Bücher und erarbeitete die Grundlagen der NKT. Kay sagt: "Die erste große Entwicklung, die während Geshe Kelsangs Exerzitien stattfand, war die Einführung des" Teacher Training Program "(TTP) am Manjushri Institute." [28] Kay kommentiert die Entwicklungen zu dieser Zeit: "Durch sein Studium Als textuelle Basis stellte Geshe Kelsang nicht nur zugängliches Material zur Verfügung, um den Fokus und das Engagement seiner Schüler zu verbessern, sondern legte auch Strukturen vor, durch die sich die geistige Autorität später ausschließlich auf ihn konzentrieren konnte. "[29]
Nach Kay,
In dieser Phase der Entwicklung von Geshe Kelsangs Netzwerk mussten sich die Studenten nicht ausschließlich auf ihn verlassen ... Seine Perspektive musste sich noch weiter festigen, und die entscheidende Wende schien kurz nach seinem Rückzug stattgefunden zu haben 1990 begann er mit der Einführung neuer und radikal exklusiver Richtlinien in seinen Zentren. Zu diesem Zeitpunkt war er zu der Überzeugung gekommen, dass er eine zentrale Rolle bei der Bewahrung der Tradition von Tsongkhapa in der Moderne spielte. Der Kern der verschiedenen Reformen, die er umsetzte, bestand daher darin, dass der Student in seinen Zentren sich jetzt ausschliesslich auf ihn verlassen sollte, um sich geistig zu inspirieren. [30]
Laut Kay war Kelsang Gyatso zutiefst besorgt über die Reinheit von Tsongkhapas Tradition wurde durch den anhaltenden Inklusivismus seiner westlichen Studenten untergraben, etwas, das er seit einigen Jahren offen gesprochen hatte ", aber er trat jetzt entschiedener dagegen an, indem er seine Schüler davon abhielt, sich von Lehrern anderer Traditionen beraten zu lassen und sie zu lesen books. "[31] Kay erklärt, ein weiteres Ergebnis dieser" radikal exklusiven Politik "war, dass nach der Gründung der NKT die Manjushri Institute Library mit über 3000 Büchern [32] entfernt wurde. [33] Kay erklärt weiter "Das begann damit, dass nicht Gelug-Bücher entfernt wurden, aber als sich Geshe Kelsangs Vision kristallisierte, wurden sogar Bücher von Gelug-Lehrern für ihn inakzeptabel und die Bibliothek enttäuscht insgesamt perlenbesetzt. Er war daher überzeugt, dass die tibetische Gelug-Tradition insgesamt nicht mehr die reinen Lehren von Tsongkhapa verkörpert und dass er und seine Jünger sich daher davon trennen müssen. Ab diesem Zeitpunkt werden die tibetischen Gelug-Lamas nicht mehr eingeladen, in ihrem Netzwerk zu unterrichten. Diese wahrgenommene Degeneration dehnte sich auf die Lamas auf höchster Ebene aus, so dass nun sogar die Verehrung des Dalai Lama aktiv entmutigt wurde. "[33] Die Bilder des Dalai Lama wurden von den Gompas und Schreinen der Zentren von Kelsang Gyatso entfernt. [33] 1990 trat Kelsang Gyatso auch gegenüber dem Geshe Studies Program [31] auf und "machte die Verfolgung seiner neuen Programme zur Pflicht." [31] Nach Angaben von Kay "war es den Studenten nicht mehr möglich, die Programme beider Geshes zu verfolgen Die Grundlage für das Lehrprogramm von Geshe Konchog am Institut wurde untergraben, und 1991 zog er sich in das Kloster Gyuto in Assam, Indien, zurück. "[31]
Die Gründung der Neuen Kadampa-Tradition []
David Kay zufolge "fiel das Vermögen des Manjushri Institute 1991 durch die erfolgreiche Ausnutzung einer Gesetzeslücke endgültig in die alleinige Kontrolle der Prioritätsgruppe" (die engen Schüler von Kelsang Gyatso). [21] das Im Frühjahr desselben Jahres kündigte Kelsang Gyatso die Gründung der "Neuen Kadampa-Tradition" an, die im NKT-Magazin Full Moon als "eine wunderbare Entwicklung in der Geschichte des Buddhadharma" gefeiert wurde. [21] Das Manjushri-Institut entwickelte 1992 eine neue Verfassung, [34] die die formale Grundlage der NKT bildete. Das Manjushri-Institut wurde in Manjushri Mahayana Buddhist Centre [16] und später in Manjushri Kadampa Meditation Center umbenannt. Seitdem ist es das Zuhause von Kelsang Gyatso und das Flaggschiffzentrum der NKT. [35]
Mit der Gründung der Neuen Kadampa-Tradition (NKT) durch Kelsang Gyatso gründete er eine neue und unabhängige religiöse Bewegung [36] mit dem Ziel, "dem Prinzip vorrangig zu folgen." Lehren und Beispiel von Je Tsongkhapa ". [13] Dies gab auch seinen Anhängern eine neue Identität. Die vielen NKT-Zentren, die von seinen Anhängern rasch aufgebaut wurden, konnten sich unter der Schirmherrschaft der NKT und ihres spirituellen Leiters versammeln und sich von anderen tibetischen buddhistischen Traditionen unterscheiden, insbesondere der Gelug-Schule, aus der Kelsang Gyatso hervorging. Kay argumentierte, dass Kelsang Gyatso mit diesen Änderungen eine Grundlage für die NKT bot, um eine westliche Tradition zu werden, deren "geistige Autorität später ausschließlich auf ihn konzentriert werden konnte". [37] Cozort beschreibt dies als ungewöhnlich in der tibetischen Tradition. [38] The Die NKT bezeichnete sich selbst als "eine völlig unabhängige buddhistische Tradition ohne politische Verbindungen ... [39] die den Bedürfnissen und Bedingungen der modernen Welt angemessen ist". [13]
David N. Kay kommentiert:
Bei der Definition der Bewegung auf diese Weise behauptet die Organisation nicht einfach nur, dass sie den für den Westen angepassten Buddhismus darstellt. Es ist auch bestrebt, seine Trennung von der tibetischen Gelug-Sekte zu unterstreichen und den Punkt zu betonen, dass der Westen - über die NKT - jetzt der Vormund und Verwalter der reinen Tradition von Tsongkhapa in der modernen Welt ist. Aus Sicht der NKT hat Geshe Kelsang eine einzigartige Rolle bei der Weitergabe der reinen Lehren von Tsongkhapa gespielt, und die Organisation und die Studienstrukturen, die er im Westen geschaffen hat, sollen heute eine Tradition schützen und bewahren, die in ihrem östlichen Ureinwohner fast verloren ist context [40]
Die Identität der NKT [ edit ]
Die Ansichten der NKT über die NKT [ edit
1998 Kelsang Gyatso in einem Interview angegeben:
Wir sind reine Gelugpas. Der Name Gelugpa spielt keine Rolle, aber wir glauben, dass wir der reinen Tradition von Je Tsongkhapa folgen. Wir studieren und praktizieren Lama Tsongkhapas Lehren und nehmen als Beispiel, was die alten Kadampa-Lamas und -geses getan haben. Alle Bücher, die ich geschrieben habe, sind Kommentare zu Lama Tsongkhapas Lehren. Wir versuchen unser Bestes, dem Beispiel der alten Kadampa-Tradition zu folgen und den Namen Kadampa zu verwenden, um die Menschen daran zu erinnern, rein zu praktizieren. [41]
Laut einer NKT-Broschüre, die von James Belither während der Sekretärin der NKT geschrieben wurde:
Geshe Kelsang führte zuerst den Titel "Neue Kadampa-Tradition" ein, um den Zentren unter seiner spirituellen Leitung eine eindeutige Identität in der weiteren buddhistischen Welt zu geben. Obwohl die Gelugpas manchmal als neue Kadampas bezeichnet wurden, wurde der Name Neue Kadampa-Tradition noch nie formell verwendet. Mit diesem Titel macht Geshe Kelsang jedoch klar, dass Praktiker dieser Tradition hauptsächlich den Lehren und dem Beispiel von Je Tsongkhapa folgen. Das Wort "neu" wird nicht verwendet, um darauf hinzuweisen, dass es neu geschaffen wurde, sondern ist eine frische Darstellung von Buddhadharma in einer Form und Weise, die den Bedürfnissen und Bedingungen der modernen Welt angemessen ist. Mit dem Titel "Kadampa" ermutigt Geshe Kelsang seine Schüler außerdem, dem vollkommenen Beispiel der Einfachheit und Reinheit der Praxis der Kadampa-Geshes zu folgen. "[13]
Heute beschreibt die Neue Kadampa-Tradition die Darstellung des Buddhismus durch Kelsang Gyatso im Westen als Kadampa-Buddhismus mit der folgenden Aussage:
Der Kadampa-Buddhismus ist eine altehrwürdige Tradition, die Buddhas Lehren und Meditationspraktiken den Menschen auf der ganzen Welt seit Jahrhunderten zur Verfügung stellt. [42]
Es ist eine Vereinigung von buddhistischen Zentren und Praktizierenden, die ihre Inspiration und Anleitung aus dem Beispiel von Kadampa ableiten die alten buddhistischen Kadampa-Meister und ihre Lehren, wie sie von Geshe Kelsang Gyatso präsentiert wurden. The New Kadampa Tradition (NKT) ist eine internationale gemeinnützige Organisation, die in England als gemeinnütziges Unternehmen eingetragen ist ... und von Geshe Kelsang gegründet wurde, um ein Instrument zur weltweiten Verbreitung des Kadampa-Buddhismus bereitzustellen. "[43]
Die NKT präsentiert sich als Fortführung der alten Kadampa-Tradition, indem sie ihre Schule Kadampa-Buddhismus benennt und diesen Kadampa-Buddhismus mit der historischen Kadampa-Schule von Atisha gleichstellt:
Der Kadampa-Buddhismus ist eine Mahayana-Buddhistenschule, die vom großen indischen buddhistischen Meister Atisha (982–1054 n. Chr.) Gegründet wurde. Die großen Kadampa-Lehrer sind nicht nur dafür bekannt, große Gelehrte zu sein, sondern auch als spirituelle Praktizierende von immenser Reinheit und Aufrichtigkeit . Die Linie dieser Lehren, sowohl ihre mündliche Überlieferung als auch ihre Segnungen, wurde dann vom Lehrer an die Jünger weitergegeben und verbreitete sich in weiten Teilen Asiens und jetzt in viele Länder der westlichen Welt ... Der Kadampa-Buddhismus wurde 1977 erstmals in den Westen eingeführt der berühmte buddhistische Meister, der Ehrwürdige Geshe Kelsang Gyatso. Seit dieser Zeit hat er unermüdlich daran gearbeitet, den Kadampa-Buddhismus in der ganzen Welt zu verbreiten, indem er umfangreiche Lehren gab, viele tiefgründige Texte über den Kadampa-Buddhismus schrieb und die Neue Kadampa-Tradition gründete - die Internationale Kadampa-Buddhistenunion. [44]
Anhänger der NKT beziehen sich auf sich als Kadampa-Buddhisten werden die Tempel der Neuen Kadampa-Tradition als Kadampa-Buddhist-Tempel bezeichnet, und in jüngerer Zeit werden NKT-Lehrer Kadampa-Lehrer genannt. Außerdem heißen die Dharma-Zentren der Neuen Kadampa-Tradition Kadampa-Buddhismuszentren . [45]
James Belither, der ehemalige Sekretär der NKT, beschrieb die NKT als "eine buddhistische Mahayana-Tradition mit historischen Verbindungen mit Tibet". statt einer tibetischen Tradition, und erklärte, dass Kelsang Gyatso wünscht, dass seine Anhänger immer "Dharma in einer Weise präsentieren, die ihrer eigenen Kultur und Gesellschaft angemessen ist, ohne die tibetische Kultur und Bräuche übernehmen zu müssen". [46]
Andere Ansichten über die NKT [19659013] [ edit ]
Während die NKT Kelsang Gyatso als denjenigen feiert, der "in erster Linie für die weltweite Wiederbelebung des Kadampa-Buddhismus in unserer Zeit verantwortlich ist", [47] "haben Kritiker den neuen Kadampa beschrieben Tradition als abtrünnige Sekte oder Kult und argumentiert, dass dies nicht Teil der alten Kadampa - Tradition ist, sondern eine Trennung von der Gelug - Schule des tibetischen Buddhismus. "[48] Der Tibetologe Thierry Dodin hat die NKT als Kult bezeichnet ba Aufgrund ihrer Organisationsform, ihres übermäßigen Gruppendrucks und des blinden Gehorsams gegenüber ihrem Gründer. Der extreme Fanatismus und der aggressive Missionsdrang der Organisation sind ebenfalls typische Kultmerkmale. "[49]
Bluck bemerkt, dass es offensichtlich einen Widerspruch zwischen der Behauptung einer reinen tibetischen Abstammung und einer vollständigen Trennung von der heutigen tibetischen Tradition gibt. Während die NKT ihre ungebrochene" Abstammungslinie "nachdrücklich betont. es hat keine tibetischen Anhänger und behauptet, außerhalb des gegenwärtigen tibetanischen Buddhismus zu stehen. Aktivitäten [ edit ]
Lehren und Bücher [ edit ] 19659060] Bluck listet die spezifischen traditionellen Lehren auf, die in der NKT-IKBU als wichtig angesehen werden: "Die Natur des Geistes, des Karmas und der Reinkarnation, die Kostbarkeit des menschlichen Lebens, die Rolle der Meditation, des Todes und die Verpflichtungen, sich auf die Flucht zu begeben "sowie" das Verständnis der vier edlen Wahrheiten, das Entwickeln von Verzicht und die Ausbildung von moralischer Disziplin, Konzentration und Weisheit ", gefolgt von" einem mitfühlenden Bodhisattva (durch Entwicklung von Bodhici) und die sechs Vollkommenheiten), die ultimative Wahrheit der Leere verstehen und schließlich die Buddhaschaft erlangen. "[51] Die Lehren der NKT-IKBU basieren ausschließlich auf den Lehren und veröffentlichten Werken von Kelsang Gyatso [52] die wiederum Kommentare zu Gelug sind Werke, insbesondere die der Texte ihres Gründers Je Tsongkhapa. [53] Laut Helen Waterhouse folgt Kelsang Gyatso der tibetisch-buddhistischen Gewohnheit, Texte durch die Kommentare des Lehrers zu studieren. In Bezug auf den Inhalt der Lehren stellt sie fest, dass "die NKT-Doktrin sich nicht von der Hauptlinie Gelugpa unterscheidet", mit einer philosophischen Ausrichtung von Prasangika Madhyamaka und den Lehren über abhängiges Entstehen und Leere. [54] Die Hauptpraxis in der NKT -IKBU ist Lamrim (die Stufen des Pfades zur Erleuchtung), Lojong (Training des Geistes) und Vajrayana Mahamudra (die Praktiken des höchsten Yoga-Tantra). Die in der NKT untersuchten Bücher werden vom buddhistischen Verlag Tharpa Publications veröffentlicht.
Studienprogramme [ edit ]
Die NKT-IKBU bietet drei Studienprogramme an: [55] "das offene und einführende Allgemeine Programm, das Stiftungsprogramm für engagiertere Praktiker und das Fordern Teacher Training Program. "[56] Die Studienprogramme der NKT-IKBU unterscheiden sie von allen anderen buddhistischen Traditionen. [57][58] Die NKT-IKBU gibt einen Überblick über den Zweck der Programme und sagt:" Ehrwürdiger Geshe Kelsang Gyatso Für das systematische Studium und die Praxis des Kadampa-Buddhismus hat er drei spezielle Studienprogramme entwickelt, die besonders für die moderne Welt geeignet sind. "[59] Nach Ansicht der NKT-IKBU-Anhänger wird in den Lehren die reine Linie von Je Tsongkhapa in ihrer Gesamtheit vermittelt. [60]
Die drei spirituellen Programme sind:
- Das allgemeine Programm (GP), das eine Einführung in grundlegende buddhistische Ideen und Meditation bietet. Cozort erklärt, dass GP-Kurse "einfach die fortwährende allgemeine Anweisung für alle Anwesenden in den NKT-Zentren sind oder überall dort, wo NKT-Lehrer einen Ort für den Unterricht finden." [61]
- Das -Stiftungsprogramm (FP), das das Studium von sechs von Kelsang Gyatso verfasste Kommentare zu folgenden klassischen Texten. Cozort bemerkt, dass das Studienformat dem einer britischen oder amerikanischen Universität ähnelt, "mit Lehrbüchern, Vorlesungen, Diskussionen in kleinen und großen Gruppen und Prüfungen." [61]
- Joyful Path of Good Fortune - basierend auf Atishas Lehren über Lamrim oder Die Stufen des Pfades zur Erleuchtung
- Universal Compassion - ein Kommentar zu Bodhisattva Geshe Chekhawas Training des Geistes in sieben Punkten
- Acht Schritte zum Glück - ein Kommentar zu Bodhisattva Langri Tangpas Acht Verse des Trainierens des Geistes
- Das neue Herz der Weisheit - ein Kommentar zum Herz-Sutra
- Sinnvoll zu sehen - ein Kommentar zu Shantidevas Guide zu Bodhisattvas Lebensweg
- Verstehen des Geistes - ein Kommentar und eine detaillierte Erklärung des Geistes, basierend auf den Werken der buddhistischen Gelehrten Dharmakirti und Dignaga
- Das Raining-Programm (TTP) ist laut Cozort das "ehrgeizigste Unternehmen der NKT" [62] das sich an Menschen richtet, die sich als Dharma-Lehrer der NKT-IKBU ausbilden möchten, die wiederum auch Neulingen den Buddhismus beibringen als tantrische Gurus dienen. [62] Alle ansässigen Lehrer der NKT-IKBU-Zentren folgen diesem Studien- und Übungsprogramm. Das Programm beinhaltet das Studium von 14 Texten von Kelsang Gyatso, einschließlich aller im Stiftungsprogramm enthaltenen, sowie der zusätzlichen 8 unten aufgeführten. Dieses Programm beinhaltet auch Verpflichtungen bezüglich des eigenen Lebensstils, basierend auf den 5 Gelübden des Pratimoksha, und die Durchführung spezieller Meditationsretreats "zu jeder der vorläufigen Praktiken ( sngon 'gro )." [63] There ist auch eine "Teaching Skills" -Klasse jeden Monat. [64]
- The Bodhisattva Vow - ein Kommentar zu Mahayanas moralischer Disziplin und der Ausübung der sechs Vollkommenheiten
- Ocean of Nectar - ein Kommentar zu Chandrakirtis ] Leitfaden zum mittleren Weg
- Klares Licht der Glückseligkeit - ein Kommentar zu Meditationen des Höchsten Yoga-Tantra
- Große Schatzkammer des Verdienstes - Ein Kommentar zur Puja Offering to the Spiritueller Führer durch den Ersten Panchen Lama
- Mahamudra-Tantra - Meditation über die Natur des Geistes gemäß Tantra
- Leitfaden für das Dakini-Land - ein Kommentar zur höchsten Yoga-Tantra-Praxis von Vajrayogini [19659114] Tantric G Runden und Pfade - eine Erklärung der Praxis der unteren und oberen Klassen des Tantra
- Essenz von Vajrayana - ein Kommentar zur höchsten Yoga-Tantra-Praxis von Heruka
Religiöse Praktiken edit ]
NKT-IKBU-Meditationspraktiken umfassen traditionelle Lamrim-Themen wie "wertvolles menschliches Leben, Tod und Wiedergeburt", Karma und Samsara, Zuflucht, die Entwicklung von Gleichmut, Freundlichkeit und Mitgefühl gegenüber allen Wesen, Bodhicitta Die Leere verstehen und sich auf einen spirituellen Führer verlassen. "[65]
Gebetete Gebete folgen einem" traditionellen tibetischen Format ": [66]
- das Zuflucht sucht,
- Bodhicitta und die" vier Unermesslichen "der grenzenlosen Liebe, des Mitleids, des Mitgefühls erzeugen Freude und Gleichmut,
- die Buddhas und Bodhisattvas als physisch anwesend vorzustellen,
- ein siebengliedriges Gebet der Niederwerfung, Opfergaben, Geständnisse, die sich in der Tugend erfreuen, heilige Wesen bitten zu bleiben und Dha anfragen RMA-Lehren und Verdienst widmen,
- das Mandala anbietet (das Universum als ein reines Land des Glücks betrachten),
- Segen fordern und empfangen (mit Lichtstrahlen und Nektar gefüllt werden), [] 19659136] nach spezifischen Meditationsanweisungen und
- die den angesammelten Verdienst für das Glück aller Wesen widmeten.
Während die Praktiken von Je Tsongkhapa und Dorje Shugden täglich rezitiert werden, praktizieren die NKT-IKBU-Praktizierenden regelmäßig eine Reihe anderer ritueller Praktiken einschließlich Avalokiteshvara, Heruka, Vajrayogini, Tara, Manjushri, Amitayus und dem Medizinbuddha. Bluck merkt an, dass "alle diese Sādhanas entweder von Geshe Kelsang" aus traditionellen Quellen zusammengestellt "wurden oder unter seiner Aufsicht übersetzt wurden." [67]
Religiöse Einhaltung [ ]
. Die NKT-IKBU-Dharma-Zentren folgten einem gemeinsamen Kalender für religiöse Beobachtungen, einschließlich einiger traditioneller buddhistischer religiöser Tage. Dazu gehören folgende:
Monatliche Befolgungen von Buddha Tara, Je Tsongkhapa, Acht Mahayana-Geboten und Dorje Shugden-Praktiken:
- Tara-Tag (8. eines jeden Monats)
- Tsog-Tag (10. und 25. eines jeden Monats)
- Gebotestag (15. eines jeden Monats)
- Protector Day (29. eines jeden Monats)
Jährlich Feiertage, die auch in anderen buddhistischen Traditionen üblich sind: [68]
- Buddhas Aufklärungstag (15. April)
- Drehen des Rades des Dharma-Tages (4. Juni [49 days after Buddha's Enlightenment Day, and also Kelsang Gyatso's birthday])
- Buddhas Rückkehr vom Himmelstag (22. September)
- Je-Tsongkhapa-Tag (25. Oktober)
Jährliche Feiertage für die NKT-IKBU:
- NKT-Tag (erster Samstag im April)
- Internationaler Tempel-Tag (erster Samstag im November)
Im Jahr 2004 wurden die Termine der Mondmonatsaufstellungen im gemeinsamen Kalender in die entsprechenden Tage geändert.
Der NKT-Tag erinnert an die Gründung der NKT-IKBU, [69] während der Internationale Tag des Tempels eine Gelegenheit bietet, über die Bedeutung des Baus von buddhistischen Kadampa-Tempeln in der ganzen Welt nachzudenken. [70]
Internationale buddhistische Festivals ] edit ]
Drei jährliche buddhistische NKT-Festivals finden jedes Jahr statt: (1) Das Frühlingsfestival - in Manjushri KMC in Großbritannien; (2) Das Sommerfestival - abgehalten im KMC Manjushri in Großbritannien; (3) The Fall Festival - findet an verschiedenen Orten außerhalb Großbritanniens statt. Diese werden vom General Spiritual Director der Neuen Kadampa-Tradition, derzeit Gen-la Kelsang Dekyong, [71] unterrichtet und umfassen Lehren und Ermächtigungen des Spiritual Director, Reviews und Meditationen, die von erfahrenen NKT-Lehrern geleitet werden, Meditationen und Preiszeremonien Meditationsretreats. Sie werden von 2000 bis 6000 Menschen aus der ganzen Welt besucht.
Ordination [ edit ]
In der NKT-IKBU-Gemeinschaft gibt es über 700 Mönche und Nonnen. [72] Ordinationszeremonien finden normalerweise zweimal im Jahr im NKT-Tempel statt Manjushri Kadampa Meditationszentrum in Cumbria (UK), Ulverston. Um zu ordinieren, muss man Kelsang Gyatsos Erlaubnis und auch die Erlaubnis seiner Eltern einholen. [73]
Buddha etablierte sowohl Laien als auch ordinierte Pratimoksha-Gelübde und legte mehrere Ebenen von Ordinationsgelübden fest. 19659172] Traditionell unterscheiden sich die verschiedenen Ordinationsebenen durch die spezifische Anzahl der geleisteten Gelübde und durch die Zeremonie, in der sie empfangen wurden. In der NKT-IKBU etablierte Kelsang Gyatso mit zehn Gelübden, die den gesamten Vinaya [75] zusammenfassen, und einer einzigen Ordinationszeremonie eine vereinfachte Ordinationstradition.
Die 10 Gelübde in der New Kadampa Tradition Ordination sind sowohl für Nonnen als auch für Mönche identisch: [76]
- Verzicht auf Tod
- Verzicht auf Stehlen
- Verzicht auf Verlassen und Verlassen Schummeln
- Verzicht auf Berauschungsmittel
- üben Zufriedenheit
- reduzieren das Verlangen nach weltlichen Vergnügen
- Verzicht auf sinnlose Aktivitäten
- hält die Zusagen der Zuflucht
- aufrecht, indem sie die drei Übungen der reinen moralischen Disziplin, Konzentration, aufrechterhalten und Weisheit
In The Ordination Handbook beschreibt Kelsang Gyatso diese Gelübde als leichter in die heutige Gesellschaft zu integrieren.
Die verbale Erklärung der Kadampa-Ordination ist kurz - es gibt nur zehn Verpflichtungen - aber ihre Praxis ist sehr umfangreich. Diese zehn Verpflichtungen, die Sie versprechen, einzuhalten, sind die Verdichtung der gesamten Lehren des Lamrims. Obwohl wir eine verbale Erklärung dieser Gelübde in wenigen Stunden abschließen können, ist ihre Praxis allumfassend. Das solltest du tun - wenige Worte sagen, aber immer ausgiebig üben. [77]
Er sagt auch:
Westliche Leute sind gut ausgebildet; Sie haben keinen blinden Glauben, sondern hinterfragen sofort und versuchen, die Wahrheit zu verstehen. Ich kann nicht mit dir vorgeben. Wir können nicht wie ein ordinierter Mönch sein, der 253 Gelübde abgelegt hat, aber nicht einmal eines hält. Das sollten wir niemals tun. wir müssen alles richtig und rein machen. Die Kadampa-Ordination löst alle diese Probleme. Practically speaking, all the 253 vows explained in the Vinaya Sutra are included within the ten commitments.[78]
The ordination tradition of the NKT-IKBU differs from that of other Buddhist groups in that it is based on the Mahayana Perfection of Wisdom Sutras[79] instead of the Hinayana Vinaya Sutras. According to Kelsang Gyatso, "The Perfection of Wisdom Sutras are our Vinaya and Lamrim is its commentary."[79] Robert Bluck observed that in the NKT-IKBU a Vinaya Sutras-based "full ordination is not available, and those who do ordain remain as novices, though again this is common in Tibet."[80] Kelsang Gyatso explains that when a person is first ordained they receive a Rabjung (preliminary) ordination; when their renunciation improves and deepens, their ordination naturally transforms into a Getsul (sramanera) ordination; and when their renunciation becomes "a spontaneous wish to attain nirvana", their ordination naturally transforms into a Gelong (bhikkhu) ordination.[81] For this reason, Kelsang Gyatso does not require a separate ritual ordination ceremony.[82]
Monks and nuns in the NKT-IKBU abandon the physical signs of a lay person by shaving their head and wearing the maroon and yellow robes of an ordained person. They are given a new name which starts with "Kelsang", since it is traditional for ordinees to receive part of the ordaining master's name (in this case, Kelsang Gyatso). They also engage in a Sojong ceremony twice a month to purify and restore their vows.
Monastics who break their ordination vows must leave their Centre for a year, with the exception of attending various bigger courses, Celebrations and Festivals. After that year, "with some conditions" they can return but cannot teach or participate in the Teacher Training Program.
Practitioners who wish to ordain approach their Buddhist teacher when they feel ready, and request formal permission once they have their teacher's consent. They may decide to live in one of the NKT-IKBU's many Buddhist centres, but this is not a requirement. They are, in general, not financially provided for by the NKT-IKBU. And, if they live in an NKT-IKBU Dharma centre, they still have to pay rent for their accommodation and pay for meals and the spiritual programs. To finance this, some have part-time or full-time work.[83] According to Belither, "a few people are sponsored because of their NKT work but others are on 'extended working visits' or work locally, and some are legitimately on employment benefit."[84] When working, they may "wear ordinary clothes if this is more convenient."[83]
Teachers[edit]
Lineage of teachers[edit]
Je Tsongkhapa (Tsong-kha-pa), founder of the Gelug school, in the fifth vision of Khedrub Jey (Mkhas-'grub)
The NKT-IKBU traces its spiritual lineage through these main Buddhist figures:[85][86][87][88]
- Buddha Shakyamuni
- Vajradhara
- Manjushri
- Atisha
- Je Tsongkhapa
- Pabongkhapa Déchen Nyingpo
- Kyabje Trijang Dorjechang
- Kelsang Gyatso
Kelsang Gyatso[edit]
After leaving Tibet in 1959, Kelsang Gyatso taught and engaged in retreat in India for 18 years.[1]Trijang Rinpoche, the root Guru of Kelsang Gyatso,[89] asked him to be the resident teacher at Manjushri Institute (now known as Manjushri Kadampa Meditation Centre) in England.[90] Kelsang Gyatso taught the General Program at Manjushri from 1976 to 1987.[91]
In 1987, Kelsang Gyatso entered a 3-year retreat at Tharpaland in Dumfries, Scotland. During his retreat, he wrote five books and established the foundations of the NKT-IKBU.[60] Since that time, the NKT-IKBU has grown to comprise over 1,100 Centres and groups throughout 40 countries.[92]
After completing his retreat in the spring of 1991, Kelsang Gyatso announced the creation of the NKT-IKBU, an event which was celebrated by his students in the NKT-IKBU magazine Full Moon as "a wonderful development in the history of the Buddhadharma."[93]
In 1992, the NKT-IKBU was legally incorporated under English law,[94] which constituted the formal foundation of the NKT-IKBU. The many Dharma Centres that were following Kelsang Gyatso's spiritual direction were gathered under the common auspices of the NKT-IKBU, with him as their General Spiritual Director (GSD). He remained GSD until August 2009 when he retired and was replaced by his successor, Gen-la Kelsang Khyenrab. Each of the individual Centers is legally and financially independent.[95]
Successor to Kelsang Gyatso[edit]
From 1991 to 1995 Gelong Thubten Gyatso was designated as Kelsang Gyatso's future successor. He disrobed in 1995,[96] and Kelsang Gyatso provisionally appointed 4 'Gen-las', i.e. Losang Kelsang, Kelsang Jangsem, Kelsang Dekyong and Samden Gyatso. After about a year, the former two resigned as Gen-las and were re-appointed as Resident Teachers. Samden Gyatso became the Deputy Spiritual Director and successor to Kelsang Gyatso while Kelsang Dekyong was appointed as the US National Spiritual Director. From this time onwards, the Deputy Spiritual Director also held the appointment of Resident Teacher at Manjushri Kadampa Meditation Centre.
In February 2007 Samden Gyatso resigned as Deputy Spiritual Director. Kelsang Khyenrab was appointed as Deputy Spiritual Director and became the General Spiritual Director when Kelsang Gyatso retired in Summer 2009.
In August 2001, Kelsang Gyato established a system of democratic succession for the General Spiritual Director of the NKT- IKBU. The Internal Rules state:
5§8. The term of office of the GSD shall be four years. At the end of his or her term of office, a person serving as the GSD shall not be eligible for immediate re-election. The term of office of the DSD shall be four years.[57]
In 2008, Gen-la Khyenrab became Acting General Spiritual Director, under Kelsang Gyatso's supervision, and assumed the post of General Spiritual Director in August 2009 for a four-year term. Gen-la Dekyong, the National Spiritual Director of the United States of America, has in turn assumed the post of Deputy Spiritual Director,[97] while retaining her post as US National Spiritual Director in accordance with the Internal Rules.[57] Gen-la Khyenrab retired as the General Spiritual Director due to ill health in April 2010 and, in accordance with the Internal RulesGen-la Dekyong was appointed as General Spiritual Director. Her position as Deputy Spiritual Director was taken by Gen-la Kunsang.
Other teachers[edit]
Alongside Kelsang Gyatso, who as founder and former spiritual director was the main teacher of the NKT-IKBU and his successors, all teachings (i.e. the three study programs) are held by Western students; lay persons and ordained alike. Qualification as an NKT-IKBU Dharma teacher is generally achieved by attending the NKT-IKBU's own Teacher Training Program,[98] which Kelsang Gyatso regards as "a western equivalent to the traditional Tibetan Geshe degree."[99]
Cozort has noted that "Several of the most prominent Tibetan teachers have long recognized themselves the need to train Westerners as Dharma teachers."[100] Kelsang Gyatso explained the importance of Western Dharma teachers to the flourishing of Dharma in the world, saying that one fully qualified teacher is worth a thousand enlightened students.[101] He expounded on the qualifications of NKT-IKBU teachers in 1990:
Buddhadharma is beneficial to others only if there are qualified Teachers. Without Teachers, Dharma texts alone are of little benefit. To become a qualified Dharma Teacher requires special preparation and training. It is not easy to become a Dharma Teacher because special qualities are needed: wisdom, correct view, faith, conviction, and pure conduct as an example to others. Also a Teacher needs an inexhaustible reservoir of Dharma knowledge and experience to teach from, otherwise he or she will dry up after one or two years.[102]
Regarding the qualifications of NKT-IKBU teachers, Kay observed that "Whilst personal experience of the teachings is considered important, the dominant view within the NKT is that the main qualification of a teacher is their purity of faith and discipleship."[103]
According to Robert Bluck, "Most teachers are appointed to centres by Kelsang Gyatso before they have completed the Teaching Training Programme and continue studying by correspondence, with an intensive study programme at Manjushri each summer."[83] Daniel Cozort explained that this is "rather like graduate students who teach undergraduate courses while pursuing their own Ph.D.'s."[104]
Kay found that lay people were almost as likely as monastics to be given teaching and leadership roles; and he sees this as an important Western adaptation of Gelug Buddhism, again because this includes tantric practices which Tsongkhapa restricted to those with "a solid grounding of academic study and celibate monastic discipline".[105]
Kelsang Gyatso has said that monks, nuns, lay men and lay women can all become Spiritual Guides if they have the necessary experience, qualities and training.[106] All NKT-IKBU teachers, lay and ordained, study on the same study and retreat programmes. The Internal Rules specify the criteria for completing the programme:
15§6. A practitioner shall be deemed to have completed the Teacher Training Programme if he or she:
- Has attended the classes related to each of the twelve subjects;
- Has memorised all the required materials;
- Has passed examinations in all twelve subjects and received a certificate to that effect; and
- Has completed the required meditation retreats[107]
In addition to the TTP commitment, all Resident Teachers have to attend International Teacher Training Program each year, taught in repeated rotation according to a sixteen-year study scheme.
Ordained and lay Resident Teachers who have taught successfully for four years are given the titles 'Gen' and 'Kadam', respectively.[108]
Former Senior Teachers[edit]
Kelsang Samden[edit]
Kelsang Samden was appointed by Kelsang Gyatso as the General Spiritual Director of the New Kadampa Tradition in 2005. In 2008 he was disrobed and effectively excommunicated by Kelsang Gyatso following a sexual scandal, whereby Kelsang Samden was accused of attempting to establish his own sexual lineage in the New Kadampa Tradition by engaging in sexual relations with ordained and lay female NKT members, under the guise of such activities being part of Highest Yoga Tantra spiritual practice. It was alleged that his activities had caused great harm to the women concerned, with at least one of the women involved falling pregnant and attempting suicide. Kelsang Samden denied any wrongdoing but disappeared from the organisation into obscurity under a cloud of disgrace.[109]
Kelsang Khyenrab[edit]
Kelsang Khyenrab who studied and practised Buddhism since 1980 under the guidance of Kelsang Gyatso, was formerly General Spiritual Director of the New Kadampa Tradition (NKT). In 2008, Khyenrab became Acting Spiritual Director, under Kelsang Gyatso's supervision, and assumed the post of Spiritual Director in August 2009 for a four-year term. As Spiritual Director, Khyenrab was the Resident Teacher at Manjushri Temple and Kadampa Meditation Centre, the Mother Center of New Kadampa Buddhism. He Khyenrab resigned in 2010, for health reasons, and was replaced by Kelsang Dekyong.[110]
Thubten Gyatso[edit]
From 1991 to 1995 Gelong Thubten Gyatso (a.k.a. Gen Thubten or Neil Elliot) was appointed as a 'Gen-la' and Resident Teacher of Madhyamaka Centre (Pocklington, York) and as Kelsang Gyatso's future successor.[111] He was described by the NKT as "the first qualified English Tantric meditation master in Britain"[112] and was known as the 'heart-disciple'[111] of Geshe Kelsang who wrote a prayer for his long life which was recited regularly at NKT centres.[113] According to Madeleine Bunting "Gen Thubten [..] is described by former members as having been the 'power behind the throne'."[111] Bunting states further that "Former members understand that Gen Thubten was disrobed because of a breach of his monastic vows. He was deeply revered by the 3,000 NKT members for his knowledge of Buddhism and his charismatic teaching."[111]
Organisation and development[edit]
Internal Rules[edit]
The legal document A Moral Discipline Guide: The Internal Rules of The New Kadampa Tradition – International Kadampa Buddhist Union explains that the NKT-IKBU
is defined as the union of Kadampa Buddhist Centres, the international association of study and meditation centres that follow the pure tradition of Mahayana Buddhism derived from the Buddhist meditators and scholars Atisha and Je Tsongkhapa, introduced into the West by the Buddhist teacher Venerable Geshe Kelsang Gyatso, the Founder of the New Kadampa Tradition – International Kadampa Buddhist Union; and that follow the three New Kadampa Tradition Study Programmes; and that are guided by the code of moral discipline called The Internal Rules of the New Kadampa Tradition – International Kadampa Buddhist Union set out in this document.[57]
The New Kadampa Truth website explains: "Its Internal Rules – containing numerous checks and balances on the behavior, election and dismissal of the administrators, teachers, and spiritual directors – also guard against any extreme behavior and are legally binding."[114] An NBO member describes them:
Such guidelines are essential for maintaining the integrity of any organisation (and are also to be found in great detail in the Vinaya). Reading the booklet later in my room I found that it outlined processes for dealing with possible misdeeds of senior members who may, for example, have misappropriated funds, broke their vows, left the NKT tradition, or disseminated non-NKT teachings.[115]
Growth[edit]
The NKT-IKBU currently lists more than 200 centres and around 900 branch classes/study groups in 40 countries,[3] with an estimated 8,000 members.[56] The centres are independent charitable corporations, and the groups are branches off an established centre which meet weekly in places such as churches and community centres.[116]
In comparison, Waterhouse says the NKT-IKBU "is very good at marketing its product", with Centers and branches producing leaflets that advertise local NKT-IKBU groups in their respective towns,[117] a level of publicity that according to Jones is comparatively more "forceful and extroverted" with regard to other Buddhist groups, and has helped the NKT-IKBU to achieve "a phenomenal increase in membership and centres."[118] Another attraction is the high level of activity at an NKT-IKBU Dharma centre, where it is often possible to be taking part at the centre every day of the week, in contrast to other groups "which meet on a weekly basis but provide little other support or activity."[119]
Bluck attributes NKT-IKBU's rapid growth to "a wish to share the Dharma rather than ‘conversion and empire-building’."[120] Kay says that the NKT-IKBU is sensitive to criticism on the subject of expansion and cites Kelsang Gyatso's response to any criticisms about its outreach efforts, stating that "every organization 'tries to attract more people with appropriate publicity.'"[121]
New Dharma centres are expected to be self-supporting,[122] as neither Kelsang Gyatso nor the NKT-IKBU owns the centres.[123]
Kadampa Meditation Centers[edit]
A Kadampa Meditation Centre (KMC) is a Kadampa Dharma Center that serves the local, national, and international communities. A KMC is generally more centrally organised than regular Kadampa Buddhist Centers. Besides having a program of courses for the local community, KMCs host major gatherings such as Dharma Celebrations, National Festivals, and International Festivals. They are also home to the International Kadampa Temples. KMCs are non-profit organisations and all their annual profits are donated to the International Temples Project. There are currently 18 KMCs around the world, with several in the US.
Temples for World Peace, World Peace Cafés, and Hotel Kadampas[edit]
The NKT-IKBU has established a Kadampa Buddhist Temple in the United Kingdom, as well as in Canada, the United States, and Spain; recently opened a Temple in Brazil, with plans to build one in Germany too.[124] The NKT-IKBU states in its publicity that:
{{quote|The International Temples Project was established by Venerable Geshe Kelsang in the early nineties. The vision is to build a Kadampa Temple for World Peace in every major city in the world.
"World Peace Cafés" have opened at some NKT Centers, starting in Ulverston, UK and now in other countries including the United States.
In 2005 the NKT-IKBU opened their first "World Peace Hotel", called "Hotel Kadampa": a no-smoking, alcohol-free hotel in Southern Spain.[125] (A second Hotel Kadampa opened in Montecatini in Tuscany, Italy, but has since closed). The hotel "functions as a normal hotel but with the benefit of a shrine room and meditation teaching. The absence of alcohol and loud entertainment attracts those who appreciated a quiet and peaceful atmosphere."[115]
International Retreat Centers[edit]
International Retreat Centers (IRCs) are centres that offer facilities for those wishing to do both long-term and short-term meditation retreats. Tharpaland International Retreat Centre was founded by Kelsang Gyatso in 1985, when he began a three-year retreat there, and has since hosted thousands of people. Kailash International Retreat Center[126] was founded in Switzerland in 2007.
Separation from contemporary Tibetan Buddhism[edit]
The NKT-IKBU is one of the largest Buddhist movements in the UK, which describes itself as "a new organization making an ancient tradition accessible to all", by combining Tibetan tradition with western adaptation.[127]Oxford professor Peter Clarke sees a paradox here, and has characterised the NKT-IKBU as a "controversial Tibetan Buddhist New Religious Movement,"[128] not because of any moral failings but because of the NKT-IKBU's separation from contemporary Tibetan Buddhism. Madeleine Bunting writes:
The NKT is a fascinating, entirely new chapter in the history of Eastern spirituality in the West. There are no salacious sex scandals here, nor any suggestion of material corruption – there are no fleets of Bhagwan-style Rolls Royces. The spiritual naivety of Westerners has not been exploited for spiritual or material gain, but they have become foot soldiers in a Tibetan feud.[129]
New Kadampa Tradition and Gelugpa Tradition[edit]
According to the NKT-IKBU, it is Tibetan in its antecedents and follows the teachings of the historic, "Old" Kadampa and the "New Kadam" Tradition of Je Tsongkhapa, the latter of which became the Gelug school of Tibetan Buddhism.[130]
Critics on the other hand characterise the NKT-IKBU as "a breakaway movement and argue that the New Kadampa Tradition, as it is known today, is not part of the ancient Kadampa Tradition but a split from the [contemporary] Gelug school."[131]
The founder of the Gelug school, Je Tsongkhapa, and his disciples were popularly known as the "new school of Kadam."[132] Je Tsongkhapa himself referred to his monastic order as "the New Kadam"[1] (Tib. Kadam Sarpa).[133] The term Gelug came into use only after his death.[134] Je Tsongkhapa's apparent eclecticism was actually "an attempt to determine which teachings and practices should be considered normative."[135] In creating a new synthesis of Buddhist doctrine, ethics and practice, Je Tsongkhapa endeavoured "to rid Tibetan [Buddhism] of its pre-Buddhist shamanic elements,"[68] and the NKT-IKBU sees itself as continuing to keep Tsongkhapa's unique form of Buddhism free of non-Buddhist teachings and practices.[136] In this regard, Kelsang Gyatso explains:
It is the tradition of both Atisha and Je Tsongkhapa to base all their teachings on the word of Buddha and never to teach anything that contradicts Buddha's teachings. According to these two great Teachers, unless an instruction is referred to in either the Sutras or the Tantras it cannot be regarded as an authentic Buddhist teaching, even if it is a so-called 'terma', or 'hidden treasure text'. Whenever they gave teachings or composed texts, both Atisha and Je Tsongkhapa quoted liberally from both the Sutras and the Tantras. In this way they showed their great respect for Buddha's original teachings and emphasized the importance of being able to trace instructions back to them.[137]
In short, Waterhouse says that "the early Gelugpa legacy is one which the NKT wishes to emulate" and that the name of the organisation itself makes a statement about its "perceived roots within the 'pure' transmission of [Atisha's] Indian Buddhism into Tibet."[138] According to Lopez, "For Kelsang Gyatso to call his group the New Kadampa Tradition, therefore, is ideologically charged, implying as it does that he and his followers represent the tradition of the founder, Tsong kha pa, more authentically than the Geluk establishment and the Dalai Lama himself."[134] Kay comments:
In defining the movement in this way, the organisation is not simply maintaining that it represents Buddhism adapted for westerners; it is also striving to underline its separation from the Tibetan Gelug sect and emphasise the point that the West – via the NKT – is now the guardian and custodian of the pure tradition of Tsongkhapa in the modern world. From an NKT viewpoint, Geshe Kelsang has played a unique role in the transmission of Tsongkhapa's pure teachings, and the organisation and study structures he has created in the West are now believed to protect and preserve a tradition that is all but lost in its indigenous Eastern context.[139]
Kelsang Gyatso uses the terms New Kadampa and Gelugpa synonymously, in accordance with his lineage gurus[140][141] as well as the current Dalai Lama,[142][143] who explained: "So we call the teachings of both Atisha and Je Tsongkhapa the Kadampa tradition, and then slowly this becomes the New Kadampa and then finally it is known as the Gelugpa."[144] Kelsang Gyatso refers to NKT-IKBU practitioners as Gelugpas,[145] defining Gelug as:
The tradition established by Je Tsongkhapa. The name 'Gelug' means 'Virtuous Tradition'. A Gelugpa is a practitioner who follows this tradition. The Gelugpas are sometimes referred to as the 'new Kadampas'.[146][147]
When asked about the relationship between the NKT-IKBU and the Gelug tradition, Kelsang Gyatso again self-identified as a Gelugpa:
We are pure Gelugpas. The name Gelugpa doesn't matter, but we believe we are following the pure tradition of Je Tsongkhapa. We are studying and practicing Lama Tsongkhapa's teachings and taking as our example what the ancient Kadampa lamas and geshes did. All the books that I have written are commentaries on Lama Tsongkhapa's teachings. We try our best to follow the example of the ancient Kadampa Tradition and use the name Kadampa to remind people to practice purely.[133]
The closing prayers of all NKT-IKBU spiritual practices include two dedication prayers for the flourishing of the 'Virtuous Tradition' (i.e., the Gelugpas), these being "recited every day after teachings and pujas at all Gelugpa monasteries and Dharma Centres."[148]
Of the words, "New Kadampa Tradition", James Belither (NKT Secretary for 20 years) states that the "word 'New' is used not to imply that it is newly created, but that it is a fresh presentation of Buddhadharma in a form and manner that is appropriate to the needs and conditions of the modern world."[130]
Kadampa Buddhism and Tibetan Buddhism[edit]
According to Waterhouse, Kelsang Gyatso "has broken away from the school's representatives in India and Tibet."[149] Cozort confirms that the NKT-IKBU "is not subordinate to Tibetan authorities other than Geshe Gyatso himself."[150] James Belither explained that the NKT-IKBU "does not accept the Dalai Lama's authority 'simply because there is no political or ecclesiastical reason for doing so.'"[151]
Instead of presenting itself as a Tibetan tradition, James Belither has said that the NKT-IKBU is "a Mahayana Buddhist tradition with historical connections with Tibet", saying it wishes "to present Dharma in a way appropriate to their own culture and society without the need to adopt Tibetan culture and customs."[152] Bluck sees an "apparent contradiction between claiming a pure Tibetan lineage and complete separation from contemporary Tibetan religion, culture and politics."[153] The NKT-IKBU disagrees that there is a contradiction, saying "It is possible to be a follower of Je Tsongkhapa's lineage but not a Tibetan Buddhist, just as a child of Russian immigrants to America may consider themselves American but not Russian."[154]
Despite the NKT-IKBU's separation from contemporary Tibetan Buddhism, the commitments undertaken by its members also include maintaining "a deep respect" for all Dharma teachings and other Buddhist traditions.[155] When asked about sectarianism between the Gelugpas and other schools of Tibetan Buddhism, Kelsang Gyatso replied:
Of course we believe that every Nyingmapa and Kagyupa have their complete path. Not only Gelugpa. I believe that Nyingmapas have a complete path. Of course, Kagyupas are very special. We very much appreciate the example of Marpa and Milarepa [in the Kagyu lineage]. Milarepa showed the best example of guru devotion. Of course the Kagyupas as well as the Nyingmapas and the Sakyapas, have a complete path to enlightenment.[156]
Dorje Shugden demonstrations[edit]
Martin Mills states that recent disputes over Shugden are focused on the claims of the British-based New Kadampa Tradition, which broke away from the Gelug school.
Recent disputes within the Gelukpa Order over the status of the Dharma Protector Dorje Shugden have focused on claims by a breakaway order of the Gelukpa, the British-based New Kadampa Tradition, that Shugden is of Buddha status (most Gelukpa commentators place him as a worldly deity).[157]
Tibetologist Thierry Dodin states that it is the New Kadampa Tradition "...that since the 1990s has held spectacular demonstrations whenever the Dalai Lama went to the West."[158] According to Dodin, "The demonstrators are almost exclusively western monks and nuns, ordained in the New Kadampa Tradition (NKT) according to the group's own ritual."[158]
Robert Thurman states the International Shugden Community is a front group of the New Kadampa Tradition.[159]
New Kadampa Survivors[edit]
There is a group of former members who speak out against the New Kadampa Tradition and their demonstrations.[160][161] The Cult Information Centre stated in 1999, "We have certainly had complaints about NKT activities, and we are very concerned about them."[162]
See also[edit]
References[edit]
- ^ a b c Cozort, Daniel (2003). The Making of the Western Lama. Quoted in Heine, S., & Prebish, C. S. (2003). Buddhism in the modern world: Adaptations of an ancient tradition. New York: Oxford University Press. p. 230.
- ^ NKT-IKBU Charity overview. Retrieved 24 December 2009.
- ^ a b number of centres as of 29 August 2009, retrieved from map.kadampa.org: 3 International Retreat Centres (IRC), 19 Kadampa Meditation Centres (KMC), 196 Kadampa Buddhist Centres (KBC), there may be even some more centres that have not been placed on the map yet, listed here: kadampa.org/en/centers
- ^ a b Bluck, R. (2006). British Buddhism: Teachings, practice and development. Routledge critical studies in Buddhism. London: Routledge. p. 129.
- ^ Scotland, Nigel (2005). A Pocket Guide to Sects and New Religions. Lions Books. p. 133.
- ^ a b c Oliver, Paul (2011). New Religious Movements: A Guide for the Perplexed. Kontinuum. p. 85.
- ^ a b Clarke, Peter Bernard. New Religions in Global Perspective, p. 92, Routledge 2006
- ^ The Dorje Shugden Conflict: An Interview with Tibetologist Thierry Dodin, 8 May 2014. Retrieved 12 May 2014. "The NKT can be described typologically as a cult on the basis of its organisational form, its excessive group pressure and blind obedience to its founder."
- ^ Mills, Martin (2003) Identity, Ritual and State in Tibetan Buddhism – The Foundations of Authority in Gelukpa Monasticism, p. 366, Routledge
- ^ Kay page 56; The Manjushri Institute charity registration number: 271873, Trust Deed, July 1976, 1
- ^ Bluck 2006: 129
- ^ a b c d e David N. Kay: Tibetan and Zen Buddhism in Britain: Transplantation, Development and AdaptationLondon and New York, pages 55, 56
- ^ a b c d Modern Day Kadampas – published by the NKT Archived 17 June 2008 at the Wayback Machine
- ^ Kay, see note on page 232
- ^ Kay page 53 and 77
- ^ a b c d e f g h i Kay pages 61,62,63,64
- ^ "Eradicating wrong views" a letter, dated 27 October 1983, written as a response to the FPMT report "A report on recent events at Manjushri Institute (dated October 1, 1983)
- ^ Daniel Cozort, The Making of Western Lama in "Buddhism in the Modern World", ISBN 0-19-514698-0, page 230
- ^ a b Daniel Cozort, The Making of Western Lama in "Buddhism in the Modern World", ISBN 0-19-514698-0, page 226
- ^ a b Kay, page 63
- ^ a b c Kay page 78
- ^ Kay 2004 : 66
- ^[19659372]Kay 2004 : 56
- ^ Kay 2004 : 65
- ^ Kay page 59
- ^ a b c d Kay page 73
- ^ Kay page 68
- ^ Kay 2004 : 74
- ^ Kay 2004 : 75
- ^ Kay, page 76
- ^ a b c d Kay page 77
- ^ Kay page 67
- ^ a b c Kay page 76
- ^ The New Kadampa Tradition, charity registration number: 2758093, October 1992 designed to study and experience Kelsang Gyatso's presentation of Buddhism (see page 233 of Kay's research)
- ^ Daniel Cozort, The Making of Western Lama in "Budd hism in the Modern World", ISBN 0-19-514698-0, page 234
- ^ Kay page 89
- ^ Kay page 74
- ^ Daniel Cozort, The Making of Western Lama in "Buddhism in the Modern World", ISBN 0-19-514698-0, page 240
- ^ NKT brochures before June 2006 and NKT-internet-sites (see [1][2])
- ^ Kay pages 88,89
- ^ An Interview With Geshe Kelsang Gyatso by Donald S. Lopez, Jr.; Geshe Kelsang Gyatso discusses Dorje Shugden as a benevolent protector god, Tricycle Magazine, Spring 1998, Vol. 7 No. 3
- ^ Official Kadampa Website at
- ^ Official Kadampa Website at
- ^ Joyful Path of Good Fortune (p. 622)
- ^ Official Kadampa Website at [3]"Archived copy". Archived from the original on 18 December 2006. Retrieved 26 December 2006.CS1 maint: Archived copy as title (link)
- ^ Belither, 1997:7—8, see also Bluck
- ^ Official NKT website
- ^ BBC (bbc.co.uk), [4]; The New Kadampa Tradition
- ^ The Dorje Shugden conflict: Interview with Thierry Dodin
- ^ Bluck, Robert (2006). British Buddhism Teachings, Practice and Development. RoutledgeCurzon, ISBN 0-415-39515-1
- ^ Bluck, Robert (2006). British Buddhism: Teachings, Practice and Development. Routledge critical studies in Buddhism. London: Routledge. pp. 136–137.
- ^ Kay, D. N. (2004). Tibetan and Zen Buddhism in Britain: Transplantation, development and adaptation. RoutledgeCurzon critical studies in Buddhism. London: RoutledgeCurzon. p. 86.
- ^ Cozort, Daniel (2003). The Making of the Western Lama. Quoted in Heine, S., & Prebish, C. S. (2003). Buddhism in the modern world: Adaptations of an ancient tradition. New York: Oxford University Press. p. 230 and p. 232
- ^ Waterhouse, Helen (1997). Buddhism in Bath: Adaptation and Authority. University of Leeds, Department of Theology and Religious Studies. pp. 150–151.
- ^ Cozort, Daniel (2003). The Making of the Western Lama. Quoted in Heine, S., & Prebish, C. S. (2003). Buddhism in the modern world: Adaptations of an ancient tradition. New York: Oxford University Press. p. 232.
- ^ a b Waterhouse, Helen. "New Kadampa Tradition" entry in Melton, J. Gordon, and Martin Baumann. 2002. Religions of the World: A Comprehensive Encyclopedia of Beliefs and Practices. Santa Barbara, Kalifornien: ABC-CLIO. p. 940
- ^ a b c d "A Moral Discipline Guide: The Internal Rules of The New Kadampa Tradition – International Kadampa Buddhist Union". newkadampatruth.org. NKT-IKBU. Retrieved 23 December 2011.
- ^ Bluck, Robert (2006). British Buddhism: Teachings, Practice and Development. Routledge critical studies in Buddhism. London: Routledge. p. 139.
- ^ Kadampa Education Program. NKT-IKBU official website. Retrieved 7 December 2008.
- ^ a b Bluck, R. (2006). British Buddhism: Teachings, practice and development. Routledge critical studies in Buddhism. London: Routledge. p. 130.
- ^ a b Cozort, Daniel (2003). The Making of the Western Lama. Quoted in Heine, S., & Prebish, C. S. (2003). Buddhism in the Modern World: Adaptations of an Ancient Tradition. New York: Oxford University Press. p. 232.
- ^ a b Cozort, Daniel (2003). The Making of the Western Lama. Quoted in Heine, S., & Prebish, C. S. (2003). Buddhism in the Modern World: Adaptations of an Ancient Tradition. New York: Oxford University Press. p. 233.
- ^ Cozort, Daniel (2003). The Making of the Western Lama. Quoted in Heine, S., & Prebish, C. S. (2003). Buddhism in the Modern World: Adaptations of an Ancient Tradition. New York: Oxford University Press. p. 236.
- ^ Cozort, Daniel (2003). The Making of the Western Lama. Quoted in Heine, S., & Prebish, C. S. (2003). Buddhism in the Modern World: Adaptations of an Ancient Tradition. New York: Oxford University Press. p. 234.
- ^ Bluck, Robert (2006). British Buddhism: Teachings, Practice and Development. Routledge critical studies in Buddhism. London: Routledge. p. 133.
- ^ Bluck, Robert (2006). British Buddhism: Teachings, Practice and Development. Routledge critical studies in Buddhism. London: Routledge. p. 134.
- ^ Bluck, Robert (2006). British Buddhism: Teachings, Practice and Development. Routledge critical studies in Buddhism. London: Routledge. p. 135.
- ^ a b Chryssides, George (1999). Exploring New Religions. London: Cassell. p. 237.
- ^ NKT Day. NKT-IKBU official website. Retrieved 7 December 2008.
- ^ International Temples Day. NKT-IKBU official website. Retrieved 8 December 2008.
- ^ Modern Kadampa Teachers: Gen-la Kelsang Dekyong. Retrieved 28 December 2011.
- ^ A Global Spiritual Community. NKT-IKBU official website. Retrieved 7 December 2008.
- ^ Waterhouse, Helen (1997). Buddhism in Bath: Adaptation and Authority. University of Leeds, Department of Theology and Religious Studies. p. 138.
- ^ Waterhouse, Helen (1997). Buddhism in Bath: Adaptation and Authority. University of Leeds, Department of Theology and Religious Studies. p. 175.
- ^ Bluck, R. (2006). British Buddhism: Teachings, practice and development. Routledge critical studies in Buddhism. London: Routledge. p. 144.
- ^ Waterhouse, Helen (1997). Buddhism in Bath: Adaptation and Authority. University of Leeds, Department of Theology and Religious Studies. p. 174.
- ^ Gyatso, Kelsang. (1999). The Ordination Handbook of the New Kadampa Tradition. p.17.
- ^ Gyatso, Kelsang. (1999). The Ordination Handbook of the New Kadampa Tradition. p.20.
- ^ a b Gyatso, Kelsang. (1999). The Ordination Handbook of the New Kadampa Tradition. p. 16.
- ^ Bluck, R. (2006). British Buddhism: Teachings, practice and development. Routledge critical studies in Buddhism. London: Routledge. p. 146.
- ^ Gyatso, Kelsang. (1999). The Ordination Handbook of the New Kadampa Tradition. p.16.
- ^ Gyatso, Kelsang. (1999). The Ordination Handbook of the New Kadampa Tradition. p. 20.
- ^ a b c Bluck, R. (2006). British Buddhism: Teachings, practice and development. Routledge critical studies in Buddhism. London: Routledge. ISBN 0-415-39515-1. p. 146.
- ^ Bluck, R. (2006). British Buddhism: Teachings, practice and development. Routledge critical studies in Buddhism. London: Routledge. ISBN 0-415-39515-1. p. 147.
- ^ "Requests to the Field for Accumulating Merit and the Lamrim Lineage Gurus", Essence of Good Fortune sadhana, Joyful Path of Good Fortune: The Complete Buddhist Path to Enlightenment. Ulverston, England: Tharpa Publications. pp. 587–588
- ^ "Prayers of Request to the Mahamudra Lineage Gurus", Great Liberation sadhana, Tantric Grounds and Paths: How to Begin, Progress on, and Complete the Vajrayana Path. London: Tharpa Publications. p. 230
- ^ Bluck, Robert (2006). British Buddhism: Teachings, Practice and Development. Routledge critical studies in Buddhism. London: Routledge. pp. 140–141.
- ^ Kay, David (2004). Tibetan and Zen Buddhism in Britain: Transplantation, Development and Adaptation. RoutledgeCurzon critical studies in Buddhism. London: RoutledgeCurzon. pp. 46, 57, 90.
- ^ Kelsang Gyatso. (2000). Eight steps to happiness: The Buddhist way of loving kindness. London: Tharpa Publications. p. 16.
- ^ Cozort, Daniel (2003). The Making of the Western Lama. Quoted in Heine, S., & Prebish, C. S. (2003). Buddhism in the modern world: Adaptations of an ancient tradition. New York: Oxford University Press. pp. 225, 230.
- ^ Kay, D. N. (2004). Tibetan and Zen Buddhism in Britain: Transplantation, development and adaptation. RoutledgeCurzon critical studies in Buddhism. London: RoutledgeCurzon. pp. 56, 73.
- ^ Kadampa Centers. NKT-IKBU official website. Retrieved 7 December 2008.
- ^ Kay, D. N. (2004). Tibetan and Zen Buddhism in Britain: Transplantation, development and adaptation. RoutledgeCurzon critical studies in Buddhism. London: RoutledgeCurzon. p. 78.
- ^ Kay, D. N. (2004). Tibetan and Zen Buddhism in Britain: Transplantation, development and adaptation. RoutledgeCurzon critical studies in Buddhism. London: RoutledgeCurzon. p. 233. n26.
- ^ Bluck, R. (2006). British Buddhism: Teachings, practice and development. Routledge critical studies in Buddhism. London: Routledge. p. 145.
- ^ Bunting, Madeleine. Sect disrobes British monk. The Guardian. 15 August 1996. Retrieved 2008-12-08.
- ^ Festival Teachers: Gen-la Kelsang Dekyong. Retrieved 23 August 2009.
- ^ Cozort, Daniel (2003). The Making of the Western Lama. Quoted in Heine, S., & Prebish, C. S. (2003). Buddhism in the Modern World: Adaptations of an Ancient Tradition. New York: Oxford University Press. pp. 231–232.
- ^ Waterhouse, Helen (1997). Buddhism in Bath: Adaptation and Authority. University of Leeds, Department of Theology and Religious Studies. p. 166.
- ^ Cozort, Daniel (2003). The Making of the Western Lama. Quoted in Heine, S., & Prebish, C. S. (2003). Buddhism in the Modern World: Adaptations of an Ancient Tradition. New York: Oxford University Press. pp. 221, 222.
- ^ Waterhouse, Helen (2001). Representing Western Buddhism: A United Kingdom Focus. Quoted in Beckerlegge, G. (2001). From Sacred Text to Internet. Religion today, v. 1. Aldershot, Hants, England: Ashgate. p. 142.
- ^ Wishfulfilling Jewels for Dharma Practitioners: The Benefits of the Foundation and Teacher Training Programs by Geshe Kelsang Gyatso. 1990-10-??. Retrieved 7 December 2008.
- ^ Kay, D. N. (2004). Tibetan and Zen Buddhism in Britain: Transplantation, development and adaptation. RoutledgeCurzon critical studies in Buddhism. London: RoutledgeCurzon. p. 95.
- ^ Cozort, Daniel (2003). The Making of the Western Lama. Quoted in Heine, S., & Prebish, C. S. (2003). Buddhism in the modern world: Adaptations of an ancient tradition. New York: Oxford University Press. p. 234.
- ^ Kay, D. N. (2004, p. 85), quoted in Bluck, Robert (2006). British Buddhism: Teachings, Practice and Development. Routledge critical studies in Buddhism. London: Routledge. p. 146.
- ^ Kelsang Gyatso. (1992). Great treasury of merit: How to rely upon a spiritual guide. Ulverston, U.K.: Tharpa Publications. p. 1.
- ^ "New Kadampa Truth". newkadampatruth.org. NKT-IKBU. Retrieved 23 December 2011.
- ^ Bluck, Robert (2006). British Buddhism: Teachings, Practice and Development. Routledge critical studies in Buddhism. London: Routledge. p. 146.
- ^ http://www.nktworld.org/NKTinfo.html
- ^ Modern Kadampa Teachers: Gen-la Kelsang Khyenrab. Retrieved 23 August 2009.
- ^ a b c d Sect disrobes British monkWorld Tibet Network News, Sunday, 18 August 1996, "Archived copy". Archived from the original on 18 December 2010. Retrieved 7 January 2008.CS1 maint: Archived copy as title (link)
- ^ Sect disrobes British monkWorld Tibet Network News, Sunday, 18 August 1996, "Archived copy". Archived from the original on 18 December 2010. Retrieved 7 January 2008.CS1 maint: Archived copy as title (link); see also NKT magazine Full Moon
- ^ Long Life Prayer for Gen-la Thubten Gyatso, 1991
- ^ New Kadampa Truth
- ^ a b Buddhism in Britain
- ^ Bunting, Madeleine. Shadow boxing on the path to Nirvana. The Guardian6 July 1996. Retrieved 2008-12-07.
- ^ Waterhouse, Helen (1997). Buddhism in Bath: Adaptation and Authority. University of Leeds, Department of Theology and Religious Studies. p. 142.
- ^ Jones, Ken (1996). "Many Bodies, One Mind: Movements in British Buddhism". Archived from the original on 7 February 2009. Retrieved 21 May 2009.
- ^ Waterhouse, Helen (1997). Buddhism in Bath: Adaptation and Authority. University of Leeds, Department of Theology and Religious Studies. p. 147.
- ^ Bluck, Robert (2006). British Buddhism: Teachings, Practice and Development. Routledge critical studies in Buddhism. London: Routledge. p. 188.
- ^ Kay, David (2004). Tibetan and Zen Buddhism in Britain: Transplantation, Development and Adaptation. RoutledgeCurzon critical studies in Buddhism. London: RoutledgeCurzon. p. 96.
- ^ Waterhouse, Helen (1997). Buddhism in Bath: Adaptation and Authority. University of Leeds, Department of Theology and Religious Studies. p. 144.
- ^ Waterhouse, Helen (1997). Buddhism in Bath: Adaptation and Authority. University of Leeds, Department of Theology and Religious Studies. p. 146.
- ^ Religion and Ethics, BBC Website
- ^ Hotel Kadampas. NKT-IKBU official website. Retrieved 7 December 2008.
- ^ Kailash International Retreat Centre
- ^ Chryssides, George (1999). Exploring New Religions. London: Cassell. pp. 235, 237.
- ^ Clarke, P. B. (2006). New religions in global perspective: A study of religious change in the modern world. London: Routledge. ISBN 0-415-25748-4. p. 92.
- ^ Bunting, Madeleine. Shadow boxing on the path to Nirvana. The Guardian6 July 1996. Retrieved 2009-05-26.
- ^ a b Belither, James. Modern Day Kadampas: The History and Development of the New Kadampa Tradition Archived 11 December 2008 at the Wayback Machine. Retrieved 7 December 2008.
- ^ The New Kadampa Tradition. BBC. Retrieved 8 December 2008.
- ^ Dalai Lama (1988). The Union of Bliss and Emptiness: A Commentary on the Lama Choepa Guru Yoga Practice. Ithaca, N.Y.: Snow Lion Publications. p. 22.
- ^ a b An Interview With Geshe Kelsang Gyatso by Donald S. Lopez, Jr. Tricycle Magazine, Spring 1998, Vol. 7 No. 3. p. 74
- ^ a b Lopez, Donald S. (1998). Prisoners of Shangri-La: Tibetan Buddhism and the West. Chicago: Universität von Chicago Press. p. 193
- ^ Powers, John. "Gelukpa Tibetan Buddhism" entry in Melton, J. Gordon, and Martin Baumann. 2002. Religions of the World: A Comprehensive Encyclopedia of Beliefs and Practices. Santa Barbara, Kalifornien: ABC-CLIO. p. 533.
- ^ Chryssides, George (1999). Exploring New Religions. London: Cassell. p. 235.
- ^ Kelsang Gyatso (1992). Great Treasury of Merit: A Commentary to the Practice of Offering to the Spiritual Guide. London: Tharpa Publications, p. 41.
- ^ Waterhouse, Helen (1997). Buddhism in Bath: Adaptation and Authority. University of Leeds, Department of Theology and Religious Studies. p. 137.
- ^ Kay, David (2004). Tibetan and Zen Buddhism in Britain: Transplantation, Development and Adaptation. RoutledgeCurzon critical studies in Buddhism. London: RoutledgeCurzon. pp. 88–89.
- ^ Pabongka (1927), Liberation in the Palm of Your Hand: A Concise Discourse on the Path to Enlightenment (2006). Boston: Wisdom Publications, pp. 19, 71.
- ^ Music Delighting the Ocean of Protectors (1967) by Kyabje Trijang Dorje Chang. p. 11. Retrieved 7 June 2009.
- ^ Dalai Lama (1997). The Gelug/Kagyü Tradition of Mahamudra. Ithaca, N.Y.: Snow Lion Publications. p. 123.
- ^ Dalai Lama (1995). The Path to Enlightenment. Ithaca, N.Y.: Snow Lion Publications. p. 42.
- ^ Dalai Lama, quoted in Laird, Thomas (2006). The Story of Tibet: Conversations with the Dalai Lama. New York: Grove Press. pp. 125, 417 (n. 125).
- ^ Kelsang Gyatso. (1997). Heart Jewel: The Essential Practices of Kadampa Buddhism. London: Tharpa. p. 117.
- ^ Kelsang Gyatso (2002). Clear Light of Bliss: The Practice of Mahamudra Vajrayana Buddhism. Ulverston [etc.]: Tharpa Publications. p. 280.
- ^ "Gelug" entry in Glossary of Buddhist Terms, NKT-IKBU website. Retrieved 8 September 2009.
- ^ Kelsang Gyatso. (1997). Heart Jewel: The Essential Practices of Kadampa Buddhism. London: Tharpa. pp. 109, 153.
- ^ Waterhouse, Helen (2001). Representing western Buddhism: a United Kingdom focus. quoted in Beckerlegge, G. (2001). From sacred text to internet. Religion todayv. 1. Aldershot, Hants, England: Ashgate. p. 137.
- ^ Cozort, Daniel (2003). The Making of the Western Lama. Quoted in Heine, S., & Prebish, C. S. (2003). Buddhism in the modern world: Adaptations of an ancient tradition. New York: Oxford University Press. p. 231.
- ^ Belither, James. quoted in Barrett, D. V. (2001). The new believers: A survey of sects, cults and alternative religions. London: Cassell. p. 311
- ^ Belither, James. quoted in Bluck, R. (2006). British Buddhism: Teachings, practice and development. Routledge critical studies in Buddhism. London: Routledge. ISBN 0-415-39515-1. p. 145.
- ^ Bluck, R. (2006). British Buddhism: Teachings, practice and development. Routledge critical studies in Buddhism. London: Routledge. ISBN 0-415-39515-1. p. 145.
- ^ Has the NKT broken away from the mainstream?. New Kadampa Truth blog. 7 December 2008. Retrieved 2008-12-08.
- ^ Bluck, R. (2006). British Buddhism: Teachings, practice and development. Routledge critical studies in Buddhism. London: Routledge. p. 137.
- ^ An Interview With Geshe Kelsang Gyatso by Donald S. Lopez, Jr. Tricycle Magazine, Spring 1998, Vol. 7 No. 3. p. 76
- ^ Mills, Martin. Identity, Ritual and State in Tibetan Buddhism. Routledge 2003, page 366.
- ^ a b The Dorje Shugden Conflict: An Interview with Tibetologist Thierry Dodin, 8 May 2014. Retrieved 12 May 2014.
- ^ Thurman, Robert. Concerning The Current Wave of "Protest Demonstrations" Against His Holiness the Dalai Lama, 3 November 2014. Retrieved 4 November 2014.
- ^ Concerning The Current Wave of "Protest Demonstrations" Against His Holiness the Dalai Lama, 3 November 2014. Retrieved 4 November 2014.
- ^ 6 Things You Should Know About the Anti-Dalai Lama Protesters, 5 November 2014. Retrieved 7 November 2014.
- ^ Walsh, Gareth (26 January 1999). "Worries as Buddhist sect spreads in North – Residential centre to be opened". The Journal (UK). Reprinted at Cult Education Institute. Retrieved 17 December 2014.
Sources[edit]
- Bluck, Robert (2006). British Buddhism: Teachings, practice and development. Routledge critical studies in Buddhism. London: Routledge Curzon. ISBN 1134158173.
- Cozort, Daniel (2003). "The Making of the Western Lama". In Prebish, Charles S.; Heine, Steven. Buddhism in the modern world: Adaptations of an ancient tradition. Oxford University Press. pp. 221–248. ISBN 0198033575.
- Kay, David N. (1997). "The New Kadampa Tradition and the Continuity of Tibetan Buddhism in Transition" (PDF). Journal of Contemporary Religion. Routlege. 12 (3): 277–293. doi:10.1080/13537909708580806.
- Kay, David N. (2004). Tibetan and Zen Buddhism in Britain: Transplantation, development and adaptation. London: Routledge Curzon. ISBN 0-415-29765-6.
- Lopez, Donald (1998-a). Prisoners of Shangri-La: Tibetan Buddhism and the West. Chicago & London: University of Chicago Press. ISBN 978-0-226-49310-7.
- Lopez, Donald (1998-b), "An Interview With Geshe Kelsang Gyatso", Tricycle Magazine
- Matthews, Carol S. (2005). New Religions. Religions of the World. Chelsea House Publishers. pp. 128–143. ISBN 0-7910-8096-X.
- Waterhouse, Helen (1997). Buddhism in Bath: Adaptation and Authority. Community Religions Project Monograph. Oxford University Press. ISBN 1871363055.
- Waterhouse, Helen (1997-b). Buddhism in Bath: Adaptation and Authority (PDF) (PhD). Bath: University of the West of England.
- Waterhouse, Helen (2001). "Representing western Buddhism: a United Kingdom focus". In Beckerlegge, Gwilym. From Sacred Text to Internet. Religion today: tradition, modernity and change series. Ashgate. pp. 117–160. ISBN 0-7546-0816-6.
- Joyful Path of Good Fortune - basierend auf Atishas Lehren über Lamrim oder Die Stufen des Pfades zur Erleuchtung
- Universal Compassion - ein Kommentar zu Bodhisattva Geshe Chekhawas Training des Geistes in sieben Punkten
- Acht Schritte zum Glück - ein Kommentar zu Bodhisattva Langri Tangpas Acht Verse des Trainierens des Geistes
- Das neue Herz der Weisheit - ein Kommentar zum Herz-Sutra
- Sinnvoll zu sehen - ein Kommentar zu Shantidevas Guide zu Bodhisattvas Lebensweg
- Verstehen des Geistes - ein Kommentar und eine detaillierte Erklärung des Geistes, basierend auf den Werken der buddhistischen Gelehrten Dharmakirti und Dignaga
- The Bodhisattva Vow - ein Kommentar zu Mahayanas moralischer Disziplin und der Ausübung der sechs Vollkommenheiten
- Ocean of Nectar - ein Kommentar zu Chandrakirtis ] Leitfaden zum mittleren Weg
- Klares Licht der Glückseligkeit - ein Kommentar zu Meditationen des Höchsten Yoga-Tantra
- Große Schatzkammer des Verdienstes - Ein Kommentar zur Puja Offering to the Spiritueller Führer durch den Ersten Panchen Lama
- Mahamudra-Tantra - Meditation über die Natur des Geistes gemäß Tantra
- Leitfaden für das Dakini-Land - ein Kommentar zur höchsten Yoga-Tantra-Praxis von Vajrayogini [19659114] Tantric G Runden und Pfade - eine Erklärung der Praxis der unteren und oberen Klassen des Tantra
- Essenz von Vajrayana - ein Kommentar zur höchsten Yoga-Tantra-Praxis von Heruka
Die verbale Erklärung der Kadampa-Ordination ist kurz - es gibt nur zehn Verpflichtungen - aber ihre Praxis ist sehr umfangreich. Diese zehn Verpflichtungen, die Sie versprechen, einzuhalten, sind die Verdichtung der gesamten Lehren des Lamrims. Obwohl wir eine verbale Erklärung dieser Gelübde in wenigen Stunden abschließen können, ist ihre Praxis allumfassend. Das solltest du tun - wenige Worte sagen, aber immer ausgiebig üben. [77]
Westliche Leute sind gut ausgebildet; Sie haben keinen blinden Glauben, sondern hinterfragen sofort und versuchen, die Wahrheit zu verstehen. Ich kann nicht mit dir vorgeben. Wir können nicht wie ein ordinierter Mönch sein, der 253 Gelübde abgelegt hat, aber nicht einmal eines hält. Das sollten wir niemals tun. wir müssen alles richtig und rein machen. Die Kadampa-Ordination löst alle diese Probleme. Practically speaking, all the 253 vows explained in the Vinaya Sutra are included within the ten commitments.[78]
5§8. The term of office of the GSD shall be four years. At the end of his or her term of office, a person serving as the GSD shall not be eligible for immediate re-election. The term of office of the DSD shall be four years.[57]
Buddhadharma is beneficial to others only if there are qualified Teachers. Without Teachers, Dharma texts alone are of little benefit. To become a qualified Dharma Teacher requires special preparation and training. It is not easy to become a Dharma Teacher because special qualities are needed: wisdom, correct view, faith, conviction, and pure conduct as an example to others. Also a Teacher needs an inexhaustible reservoir of Dharma knowledge and experience to teach from, otherwise he or she will dry up after one or two years.[102]
Kay found that lay people were almost as likely as monastics to be given teaching and leadership roles; and he sees this as an important Western adaptation of Gelug Buddhism, again because this includes tantric practices which Tsongkhapa restricted to those with "a solid grounding of academic study and celibate monastic discipline".[105]
15§6. A practitioner shall be deemed to have completed the Teacher Training Programme if he or she:
- Has attended the classes related to each of the twelve subjects;
- Has memorised all the required materials;
- Has passed examinations in all twelve subjects and received a certificate to that effect; and
- Has completed the required meditation retreats[107]
is defined as the union of Kadampa Buddhist Centres, the international association of study and meditation centres that follow the pure tradition of Mahayana Buddhism derived from the Buddhist meditators and scholars Atisha and Je Tsongkhapa, introduced into the West by the Buddhist teacher Venerable Geshe Kelsang Gyatso, the Founder of the New Kadampa Tradition – International Kadampa Buddhist Union; and that follow the three New Kadampa Tradition Study Programmes; and that are guided by the code of moral discipline called The Internal Rules of the New Kadampa Tradition – International Kadampa Buddhist Union set out in this document.[57]
Such guidelines are essential for maintaining the integrity of any organisation (and are also to be found in great detail in the Vinaya). Reading the booklet later in my room I found that it outlined processes for dealing with possible misdeeds of senior members who may, for example, have misappropriated funds, broke their vows, left the NKT tradition, or disseminated non-NKT teachings.[115]
The NKT is a fascinating, entirely new chapter in the history of Eastern spirituality in the West. There are no salacious sex scandals here, nor any suggestion of material corruption – there are no fleets of Bhagwan-style Rolls Royces. The spiritual naivety of Westerners has not been exploited for spiritual or material gain, but they have become foot soldiers in a Tibetan feud.[129]
It is the tradition of both Atisha and Je Tsongkhapa to base all their teachings on the word of Buddha and never to teach anything that contradicts Buddha's teachings. According to these two great Teachers, unless an instruction is referred to in either the Sutras or the Tantras it cannot be regarded as an authentic Buddhist teaching, even if it is a so-called 'terma', or 'hidden treasure text'. Whenever they gave teachings or composed texts, both Atisha and Je Tsongkhapa quoted liberally from both the Sutras and the Tantras. In this way they showed their great respect for Buddha's original teachings and emphasized the importance of being able to trace instructions back to them.[137]
In defining the movement in this way, the organisation is not simply maintaining that it represents Buddhism adapted for westerners; it is also striving to underline its separation from the Tibetan Gelug sect and emphasise the point that the West – via the NKT – is now the guardian and custodian of the pure tradition of Tsongkhapa in the modern world. From an NKT viewpoint, Geshe Kelsang has played a unique role in the transmission of Tsongkhapa's pure teachings, and the organisation and study structures he has created in the West are now believed to protect and preserve a tradition that is all but lost in its indigenous Eastern context.[139]
The tradition established by Je Tsongkhapa. The name 'Gelug' means 'Virtuous Tradition'. A Gelugpa is a practitioner who follows this tradition. The Gelugpas are sometimes referred to as the 'new Kadampas'.[146][147]
We are pure Gelugpas. The name Gelugpa doesn't matter, but we believe we are following the pure tradition of Je Tsongkhapa. We are studying and practicing Lama Tsongkhapa's teachings and taking as our example what the ancient Kadampa lamas and geshes did. All the books that I have written are commentaries on Lama Tsongkhapa's teachings. We try our best to follow the example of the ancient Kadampa Tradition and use the name Kadampa to remind people to practice purely.[133]
Of course we believe that every Nyingmapa and Kagyupa have their complete path. Not only Gelugpa. I believe that Nyingmapas have a complete path. Of course, Kagyupas are very special. We very much appreciate the example of Marpa and Milarepa [in the Kagyu lineage]. Milarepa showed the best example of guru devotion. Of course the Kagyupas as well as the Nyingmapas and the Sakyapas, have a complete path to enlightenment.[156]
Recent disputes within the Gelukpa Order over the status of the Dharma Protector Dorje Shugden have focused on claims by a breakaway order of the Gelukpa, the British-based New Kadampa Tradition, that Shugden is of Buddha status (most Gelukpa commentators place him as a worldly deity).[157]
- ^ a b c Cozort, Daniel (2003). The Making of the Western Lama. Quoted in Heine, S., & Prebish, C. S. (2003). Buddhism in the modern world: Adaptations of an ancient tradition. New York: Oxford University Press. p. 230.
- ^ NKT-IKBU Charity overview. Retrieved 24 December 2009.
- ^ a b number of centres as of 29 August 2009, retrieved from map.kadampa.org: 3 International Retreat Centres (IRC), 19 Kadampa Meditation Centres (KMC), 196 Kadampa Buddhist Centres (KBC), there may be even some more centres that have not been placed on the map yet, listed here: kadampa.org/en/centers
- ^ a b Bluck, R. (2006). British Buddhism: Teachings, practice and development. Routledge critical studies in Buddhism. London: Routledge. p. 129.
- ^ Scotland, Nigel (2005). A Pocket Guide to Sects and New Religions. Lions Books. p. 133.
- ^ a b c Oliver, Paul (2011). New Religious Movements: A Guide for the Perplexed. Kontinuum. p. 85.
- ^ a b Clarke, Peter Bernard. New Religions in Global Perspective, p. 92, Routledge 2006
- ^ The Dorje Shugden Conflict: An Interview with Tibetologist Thierry Dodin, 8 May 2014. Retrieved 12 May 2014. "The NKT can be described typologically as a cult on the basis of its organisational form, its excessive group pressure and blind obedience to its founder."
- ^ Mills, Martin (2003) Identity, Ritual and State in Tibetan Buddhism – The Foundations of Authority in Gelukpa Monasticism, p. 366, Routledge
- ^ Kay page 56; The Manjushri Institute charity registration number: 271873, Trust Deed, July 1976, 1
- ^ Bluck 2006: 129
- ^ a b c d e David N. Kay: Tibetan and Zen Buddhism in Britain: Transplantation, Development and AdaptationLondon and New York, pages 55, 56
- ^ a b c d Modern Day Kadampas – published by the NKT Archived 17 June 2008 at the Wayback Machine
- ^ Kay, see note on page 232
- ^ Kay page 53 and 77
- ^ a b c d e f g h i Kay pages 61,62,63,64
- ^ "Eradicating wrong views" a letter, dated 27 October 1983, written as a response to the FPMT report "A report on recent events at Manjushri Institute (dated October 1, 1983)
- ^ Daniel Cozort, The Making of Western Lama in "Buddhism in the Modern World", ISBN 0-19-514698-0, page 230
- ^ a b Daniel Cozort, The Making of Western Lama in "Buddhism in the Modern World", ISBN 0-19-514698-0, page 226
- ^ a b Kay, page 63
- ^ a b c Kay page 78
- ^ Kay 2004 : 66
- ^[19659372]Kay 2004 : 56
- ^ Kay 2004 : 65
- ^ Kay page 59
- ^ a b c d Kay page 73
- ^ Kay page 68
- ^ Kay 2004 : 74
- ^ Kay 2004 : 75
- ^ Kay, page 76
- ^ a b c d Kay page 77
- ^ Kay page 67
- ^ a b c Kay page 76
- ^ The New Kadampa Tradition, charity registration number: 2758093, October 1992 designed to study and experience Kelsang Gyatso's presentation of Buddhism (see page 233 of Kay's research)
- ^ Daniel Cozort, The Making of Western Lama in "Budd hism in the Modern World", ISBN 0-19-514698-0, page 234
- ^ Kay page 89
- ^ Kay page 74
- ^ Daniel Cozort, The Making of Western Lama in "Buddhism in the Modern World", ISBN 0-19-514698-0, page 240
- ^ NKT brochures before June 2006 and NKT-internet-sites (see [1][2])
- ^ Kay pages 88,89
- ^ An Interview With Geshe Kelsang Gyatso by Donald S. Lopez, Jr.; Geshe Kelsang Gyatso discusses Dorje Shugden as a benevolent protector god, Tricycle Magazine, Spring 1998, Vol. 7 No. 3
- ^ Official Kadampa Website at
- ^ Official Kadampa Website at
- ^ Joyful Path of Good Fortune (p. 622)
- ^ Official Kadampa Website at [3]"Archived copy". Archived from the original on 18 December 2006. Retrieved 26 December 2006.CS1 maint: Archived copy as title (link)
- ^ Belither, 1997:7—8, see also Bluck
- ^ Official NKT website
- ^ BBC (bbc.co.uk), [4]; The New Kadampa Tradition
- ^ The Dorje Shugden conflict: Interview with Thierry Dodin
- ^ Bluck, Robert (2006). British Buddhism Teachings, Practice and Development. RoutledgeCurzon, ISBN 0-415-39515-1
- ^ Bluck, Robert (2006). British Buddhism: Teachings, Practice and Development. Routledge critical studies in Buddhism. London: Routledge. pp. 136–137.
- ^ Kay, D. N. (2004). Tibetan and Zen Buddhism in Britain: Transplantation, development and adaptation. RoutledgeCurzon critical studies in Buddhism. London: RoutledgeCurzon. p. 86.
- ^ Cozort, Daniel (2003). The Making of the Western Lama. Quoted in Heine, S., & Prebish, C. S. (2003). Buddhism in the modern world: Adaptations of an ancient tradition. New York: Oxford University Press. p. 230 and p. 232
- ^ Waterhouse, Helen (1997). Buddhism in Bath: Adaptation and Authority. University of Leeds, Department of Theology and Religious Studies. pp. 150–151.
- ^ Cozort, Daniel (2003). The Making of the Western Lama. Quoted in Heine, S., & Prebish, C. S. (2003). Buddhism in the modern world: Adaptations of an ancient tradition. New York: Oxford University Press. p. 232.
- ^ a b Waterhouse, Helen. "New Kadampa Tradition" entry in Melton, J. Gordon, and Martin Baumann. 2002. Religions of the World: A Comprehensive Encyclopedia of Beliefs and Practices. Santa Barbara, Kalifornien: ABC-CLIO. p. 940
- ^ a b c d "A Moral Discipline Guide: The Internal Rules of The New Kadampa Tradition – International Kadampa Buddhist Union". newkadampatruth.org. NKT-IKBU. Retrieved 23 December 2011.
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- ^ a b Cozort, Daniel (2003). The Making of the Western Lama. Quoted in Heine, S., & Prebish, C. S. (2003). Buddhism in the Modern World: Adaptations of an Ancient Tradition. New York: Oxford University Press. p. 232.
- ^ a b Cozort, Daniel (2003). The Making of the Western Lama. Quoted in Heine, S., & Prebish, C. S. (2003). Buddhism in the Modern World: Adaptations of an Ancient Tradition. New York: Oxford University Press. p. 233.
- ^ Cozort, Daniel (2003). The Making of the Western Lama. Quoted in Heine, S., & Prebish, C. S. (2003). Buddhism in the Modern World: Adaptations of an Ancient Tradition. New York: Oxford University Press. p. 236.
- ^ Cozort, Daniel (2003). The Making of the Western Lama. Quoted in Heine, S., & Prebish, C. S. (2003). Buddhism in the Modern World: Adaptations of an Ancient Tradition. New York: Oxford University Press. p. 234.
- ^ Bluck, Robert (2006). British Buddhism: Teachings, Practice and Development. Routledge critical studies in Buddhism. London: Routledge. p. 133.
- ^ Bluck, Robert (2006). British Buddhism: Teachings, Practice and Development. Routledge critical studies in Buddhism. London: Routledge. p. 134.
- ^ Bluck, Robert (2006). British Buddhism: Teachings, Practice and Development. Routledge critical studies in Buddhism. London: Routledge. p. 135.
- ^ a b Chryssides, George (1999). Exploring New Religions. London: Cassell. p. 237.
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- ^ Waterhouse, Helen (1997). Buddhism in Bath: Adaptation and Authority. University of Leeds, Department of Theology and Religious Studies. p. 175.
- ^ Bluck, R. (2006). British Buddhism: Teachings, practice and development. Routledge critical studies in Buddhism. London: Routledge. p. 144.
- ^ Waterhouse, Helen (1997). Buddhism in Bath: Adaptation and Authority. University of Leeds, Department of Theology and Religious Studies. p. 174.
- ^ Gyatso, Kelsang. (1999). The Ordination Handbook of the New Kadampa Tradition. p.17.
- ^ Gyatso, Kelsang. (1999). The Ordination Handbook of the New Kadampa Tradition. p.20.
- ^ a b Gyatso, Kelsang. (1999). The Ordination Handbook of the New Kadampa Tradition. p. 16.
- ^ Bluck, R. (2006). British Buddhism: Teachings, practice and development. Routledge critical studies in Buddhism. London: Routledge. p. 146.
- ^ Gyatso, Kelsang. (1999). The Ordination Handbook of the New Kadampa Tradition. p.16.
- ^ Gyatso, Kelsang. (1999). The Ordination Handbook of the New Kadampa Tradition. p. 20.
- ^ a b c Bluck, R. (2006). British Buddhism: Teachings, practice and development. Routledge critical studies in Buddhism. London: Routledge. ISBN 0-415-39515-1. p. 146.
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- ^ "Requests to the Field for Accumulating Merit and the Lamrim Lineage Gurus", Essence of Good Fortune sadhana, Joyful Path of Good Fortune: The Complete Buddhist Path to Enlightenment. Ulverston, England: Tharpa Publications. pp. 587–588
- ^ "Prayers of Request to the Mahamudra Lineage Gurus", Great Liberation sadhana, Tantric Grounds and Paths: How to Begin, Progress on, and Complete the Vajrayana Path. London: Tharpa Publications. p. 230
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- ^ Kadampa Centers. NKT-IKBU official website. Retrieved 7 December 2008.
- ^ Kay, D. N. (2004). Tibetan and Zen Buddhism in Britain: Transplantation, development and adaptation. RoutledgeCurzon critical studies in Buddhism. London: RoutledgeCurzon. p. 78.
- ^ Kay, D. N. (2004). Tibetan and Zen Buddhism in Britain: Transplantation, development and adaptation. RoutledgeCurzon critical studies in Buddhism. London: RoutledgeCurzon. p. 233. n26.
- ^ Bluck, R. (2006). British Buddhism: Teachings, practice and development. Routledge critical studies in Buddhism. London: Routledge. p. 145.
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- ^ Waterhouse, Helen (1997). Buddhism in Bath: Adaptation and Authority. University of Leeds, Department of Theology and Religious Studies. p. 166.
- ^ Cozort, Daniel (2003). The Making of the Western Lama. Quoted in Heine, S., & Prebish, C. S. (2003). Buddhism in the Modern World: Adaptations of an Ancient Tradition. New York: Oxford University Press. pp. 221, 222.
- ^ Waterhouse, Helen (2001). Representing Western Buddhism: A United Kingdom Focus. Quoted in Beckerlegge, G. (2001). From Sacred Text to Internet. Religion today, v. 1. Aldershot, Hants, England: Ashgate. p. 142.
- ^ Wishfulfilling Jewels for Dharma Practitioners: The Benefits of the Foundation and Teacher Training Programs by Geshe Kelsang Gyatso. 1990-10-??. Retrieved 7 December 2008.
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- ^ Cozort, Daniel (2003). The Making of the Western Lama. Quoted in Heine, S., & Prebish, C. S. (2003). Buddhism in the modern world: Adaptations of an ancient tradition. New York: Oxford University Press. p. 234.
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- ^ Kelsang Gyatso. (1992). Great treasury of merit: How to rely upon a spiritual guide. Ulverston, U.K.: Tharpa Publications. p. 1.
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- ^ Waterhouse, Helen (1997). Buddhism in Bath: Adaptation and Authority. University of Leeds, Department of Theology and Religious Studies. p. 144.
- ^ Waterhouse, Helen (1997). Buddhism in Bath: Adaptation and Authority. University of Leeds, Department of Theology and Religious Studies. p. 146.
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