182.000 aktiv [194590205] [2] 38.500 Reserve (Stand 2017 [update]) [2] 1.304 bemannte Flugzeuge [3] (Insgesamt umfasst 11 VH-3D und 8 VH-60N von HMX-1 [4] die nicht in der Liste WAF 2018 aufgeführt sind.)
Emblem ("Eagle, Globe and Anchor" oder "EGA") [a] [19599006] [19459684EagleGlobeundAnchorsvg" src="http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/61/Eagle%2C_Globe%2C_and_Anchor.svg/100px-Eagle%2C_Globe%2C_and_Anchor.svg.png" decoding="async" width="100" height="110" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/61/Eagle%2C_Globe%2C_and_Anchor.svg/150px-Eagle%2C_Globe%2C_and_Anchor.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/61/Eagle%2C_Globe%2C_and_Anchor.svg/200px-Eagle%2C_Globe%2C_and_Anchor.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="935" data-file-height="1024"/>
Song
"The Marine's Hymn" Abspielen Hilfe · info )
Das United States Marine Corps ( USMC ), auch als United States Marines oder US bezeichnet Marines ist ein Zweig der US-Streitkräfte, der für die Durchführung von Expeditions- und Amphibienoperationen [11] mit der US-Marine sowie der Armee und der Luftwaffe verantwortlich ist. Das US Marine Corps ist eine der vier Streitkräfte des US-Verteidigungsministeriums (DoD) und einer der sieben uniformierten Dienste der Vereinigten Staaten.
Das Marine Corps ist seit dem 30. Juni 1834 ein Bestandteil des US-Marineministeriums, [12] und arbeitet eng mit Marinestreitkräften zusammen. Das USMC betreibt weltweit Installationen an Land und an Bord von amphibischen Kriegsschiffen. Darüber hinaus sind mehrere taktische Fliegerstaffeln der Marines, vor allem Marine Fighter Attack Staffeln, in Luftflügel der Navy-Träger eingebettet und operieren von Flugzeugträgern aus. [13]
Die Geschichte des Marine Corps begann, als am 10. November 1775 zwei Bataillone von Kontinentalmarines in Philadelphia als Dienstzweig von Infanterie-Truppen gebildet wurden, die sowohl auf See als auch an Land kämpfen konnten. [14] Im Pazifik-Theater des Zweiten Weltkriegs übernahm das Corps die Führung in einem massive Kampagne der amphibischen Kriegsführung, die von Insel zu Insel vorrückt. [15][16][17] Ab 2017 hat die USMC rund 186.000 aktive Mitglieder und rund 38.500 Bedienstete in Reserve. [2] Es ist der kleinste US-Militärdienst innerhalb des DoD. [18][19][20]
] Mission [ edit ]
Wie in 10 USC beschrieben § 5063 und wie ursprünglich im Rahmen des National Security Act von 1947 eingeführt, sind drei Hauptzuständigkeitsbereiche des Marine Corps:
Beschlagnahme oder Verteidigung fortgeschrittener Flottenstützpunkte und anderer Landoperationen zur Unterstützung von Marinekampagnen;
Entwicklung von Taktiken, Techniken und Ausrüstung, die von amphibischen Landungskräften in Abstimmung mit der Armee und der Luftwaffe eingesetzt werden; und
Solche anderen Aufgaben, die der Präsident oder das Verteidigungsministerium bestimmen können.
Diese letzte Klausel stammt aus einer ähnlichen Sprache in den Kongressakten "Für die bessere Organisation des Marine Corps" von 1834, . und "Gründung und Organisation eines Seekorps" von 1945, 1998. Im Jahr 1951 nannte der Ausschuss für das Militär der Abgeordnetenkammer die Klausel "eine der wichtigsten gesetzlich vorgeschriebenen - und traditionellen Funktionen des Seekorps". Es stellte fest, dass das Korps häufig Aktionen nicht-mariner Natur durchgeführt hat, einschließlich seiner berühmten Aktionen in Tripolis, des Krieges von 1812, Chapultepecs und zahlreicher Aufstandsbekämpfungs- und Berufspflichten (wie in Zentralamerika). Erster Weltkrieg und der Koreakrieg. Während diese Aktionen nicht genau als Unterstützung für Marinekampagnen oder als amphibische Kriegsführung beschrieben werden, besteht ihr gemeinsamer Faden darin, dass sie expeditionsorientiert sind und die Mobilität der Marine nutzen, um im Interesse amerikanischer Interessen rechtzeitig in Außenbeziehungen einzugreifen. [19659106EinUS-amerikanischerSicherheitsmitarbeiterüberprüftimDezember2004einSicherheitssystemineinerUS-amerikanischenBotschaft
Die Marine Band, die von Thomas Jefferson als "President's Own" bezeichnet wird, liefert Musik für staatliche Funktionen im Weißen Haus. [22] Marines aus Die in Marine Barracks, Washington, DC, angesiedelten Zeremonienfirmen A & B bewachen die Präsidentschafts-Exerzitien, darunter Camp David, und die Marines der Executive Flight Detachment des HMX-1 versorgen den Präsidenten und den Vizepräsidenten mit dem Rufzeichen mit Hubschraubern "Marine One" bzw. "Marine Two". [23] Die Executive Flight Detachment bietet auch Hubschrauber-Transport für Kabinettsmitglieder und andere VIPs an. Durch das Foreign Service Act von 1946 sorgen die Marine Security Guards des Marine Embassy Security Command für die Sicherheit amerikanischer Botschaften, Gesandtschaften und Konsulate an über 140 Stellen weltweit. [24] Die Beziehung zwischen dem US-Außenministerium und der US-Marine Das Corps ist fast so alt wie das Corps. Seit über 200 Jahren dienen Marines auf Anfrage verschiedener Staatssekretäre. Nach dem Zweiten Weltkrieg war eine wachsame, disziplinierte Kraft erforderlich, um amerikanische Botschaften, Konsulate und Gesandtschaft in der ganzen Welt zu schützen. Im Jahr 1947 wurde vorgeschlagen, dass das Verteidigungsministerium Marine Corps-Personal für den Wachdienst des Auswärtigen Dienstes gemäß den Bestimmungen des Foreign Service Act von 1946 zur Verfügung stellt. Zwischen dem Außenministerium und dem Sekretär der Marine wurde eine förmliche Vereinbarung unterzeichnet am 15. Dezember 1948 wurden 83 Marines für Missionen im Ausland eingesetzt. Im ersten Jahr des MSG-Programms wurden weltweit 36 Detachments eingesetzt. [25]
Historische Mission [ edit ]
Das Marine Corps wurde gegründet, um als Infanterieeinheit an Bord von Marineschiffen zu dienen war für die Sicherheit des Schiffes und seiner Besatzung verantwortlich, indem er während der Beförderungsaktionen einen Angriffs- und Verteidigungskampf führte und die Schiffsoffiziere vor der Meuterei verteidigte; zu diesem Zweck waren ihre Schiffsquartiere oft strategisch zwischen den Offiziersquartieren und dem Rest des Schiffes positioniert. Continental Marines bemannten Schlachtzüge auf See und an Land. Amerikas erste Landung mit Amphibienangriffen fand am 3. März 1776 zu Beginn des Unabhängigkeitskrieges statt, als die Marines die Kontrolle über Fort Montague und Fort Nassau erlangten, ein britisches Munitionsdepot und Marinehafen in New Providence, Bahamas. Die Rolle des Marine Corps hat sich seitdem erheblich erweitert; Da die Bedeutung seiner ursprünglichen Marinemission mit der Änderung der Kriegsführungslehre und der Professionalisierung des Marinedienstes nachließ, passte sich das Korps an, indem es sich auf früher sekundäre Missionen an Land konzentrierte. Die Advanced Base Doctrine des frühen 20. Jahrhunderts kodifizierte ihre Kampfaufgaben an Land und skizzierte die Verwendung von Marines bei der Beschlagnahme von Basen und anderen Pflichten an Land zur Unterstützung von Marinekampagnen.
Während des späten 19. und 20. Jahrhunderts dienten Marineabteilungen an Bord von Kreuzfahrtschiffen, Schlachtschiffen und Flugzeugträgern der Navy. Marine-Abteilungen dienten ihren traditionellen Pflichten als Landungsstreitkräfte eines Schiffes, besetzten die Schiffswaffen und stellten die Sicherheit an Bord. Marine-Abteilungen wurden durch Mitglieder der Schiffsgesellschaft für Landungspartys verstärkt, beispielsweise in der Ersten Sumatra-Expedition von 1832 und in den Feldzügen der Karibik und Mexikos des frühen 20. Jahrhunderts. Marines würden Taktiken und Techniken des Amphibienangriffs auf verteidigte Küstenlinien rechtzeitig für den Einsatz im Zweiten Weltkrieg entwickeln. [26] Während des Zweiten Weltkrieges setzten Marines weiterhin Kapitalschiffe an. Sie wurden oft den Flugabwehrbatterien zugewiesen. Als in den 1960er Jahren Kreuzfahrtschiffe ausgemustert wurden, waren die restlichen Marine-Abteilungen nur auf Schlachtschiffen und Flugzeugträgern zu sehen. Ihre ursprüngliche Mission, Schiffssicherheit zu bieten, endete in den 1990er Jahren.
Fähigkeiten [ edit ]
Das Marine Corps erfüllt eine kritische militärische Rolle als amphibische Kriegstruppe. Es ist in der Lage, mit konventionellen, irregulären und hybriden Kräften asymmetrisch zu kämpfen.
Während das Marine Corps keine einzigartigen Fähigkeiten einsetzt, kann es innerhalb kürzester Zeit innerhalb kürzester Zeit eine Truppentruppe mit kombinierten Waffen an fast jeden Ort der Welt entsenden. Die Grundstruktur für alle eingesetzten Einheiten ist eine Marine Air-Ground Task Force (MAGTF), die ein Bodenkampfelement, ein Luftkampfelement und ein Logistikkampfelement unter einem gemeinsamen Befehlselement integriert. Während die Schaffung gemeinsamer Kommandos im Rahmen des Goldwater-Nichols-Gesetzes die Koordination zwischen den einzelnen Abteilungen verbessert hat, bietet die Fähigkeit des Corps, integrierte Multi-Element-Task Forces unter einem einzigen Kommando dauerhaft aufrechtzuerhalten, eine reibungslosere Umsetzung der Prinzipien der Rüstungskriegsführung. [27]
Die enge Integration unterschiedlicher Marineeinheiten beruht auf einer Organisationskultur, die sich auf die Infanterie konzentriert. Jede andere Marine-Fähigkeit existiert, um die Infanterie zu unterstützen. Im Gegensatz zu einigen westlichen Militärs blieb das Korps gegenüber Theorien konservativ, die die Fähigkeit neuer Waffen proklamierten, Kriege unabhängig zu gewinnen. Zum Beispiel konzentrierte sich die Marine Luftfahrt schon immer auf Luftunterstützung und blieb weitgehend unbeeinflusst von Theorien der Luftwaffe, in denen verkündet wurde, dass strategisches Bombardement Kriege allein gewinnen kann. [26]
Dieser Fokus auf die Infanterie wird mit der Doktrin von "Every Marine" in Einklang gebracht [is] ein Schütze ", ein Schwerpunkt des Kommandanten Alfred M. Gray, Jr., der die Infanterie-Kampffähigkeiten jedes Marines betont. Alle Marines, unabhängig von der militärischen Spezialisierung, erhalten eine Ausbildung zum Schützen. und alle Offiziere erhalten eine zusätzliche Ausbildung als Infanterie-Zugführer. [28] Als auf Wake Island zum Beispiel alle Marine-Flugzeuge zerstört wurden, setzten die Piloten den Kampf als Bodenoffiziere fort und führten Versorgungsangestellte und Köche in einer abschließenden Verteidigungsaktion. 19659123] Die Flexibilität der Ausführung wird durch die Betonung der Absicht des Kommandanten als Leitprinzip für die Ausführung von Befehlen umgesetzt. den Endzustand spezifizieren, aber die Methode der Hinrichtung offen lassen. [30]
Die für den Zweiten Weltkrieg entwickelten amphibischen Angriffstechniken entwickelten sich mit der Hinzufügung von Luftangriffs- und Manöverkriegs-Doktrin zur aktuellen " Operationelle Manöver vom Meer aus "Doktrin der Machtprojektion aus den Meeren. [11] Den Marines wird die Entwicklung der Hubschrauber-Einführungslehre zugeschrieben und waren die ersten, die die Prinzipien der Manöverkriegsführung im amerikanischen Militär am frühesten angenommen hatten. die die Initiative auf niedriger Ebene und die flexible Umsetzung betonen. In Anbetracht der jüngsten Kriegsführung, die von den traditionellen Missionen des Corps abgewichen ist, [31] wurde der Schwerpunkt auf Amphibienfähigkeiten gelegt. [32]
MG-Schütze vom 1. Platoon, Kompanie B, 1. Bataillon, 23. Marine-Regiment in kaltem Wetter bewaffnet mit einer automatischen Waffe des Trupps, die am 27. Dezember 2006 an einer Sicherheitspatrouille rund um Ramadi (Irak) teilnimmt.
Das Marine Corps verlässt sich bei der Siegelung der Navy auf die Bereitstellung schneller Fähigkeiten. Marine Expeditionary Units (MEU) sind nicht nur ein Drittel der Flotten-Marine in Japan stationiert, sie sind in der Regel auch auf See stationiert, um als Ersthelfer für internationale Vorfälle dienen zu können. [33] Zur Unterstützung des schnellen Einsatzes dient das Maritime Pre-Positioning System wurde entwickelt: Flotten von Containerschiffen sind auf der ganzen Welt mit ausreichend Ausrüstung und Vorräten für eine Marine Expeditionary Force für 30 Tage aufgestellt.
Die USMC plant, ihre logistischen Anforderungen zu reduzieren und bis 2025 den Einsatz von Flüssigkraftstoff für Marine-Expeditionskräfte außer für hocheffiziente Fahrzeuge zu beseitigen. [34]
Doctrine [
Zwei in den 1930er Jahren veröffentlichte kleine Handbücher würden die USMC-Doktrin in zwei Bereichen etablieren. Das Small Wars Manual legte den Rahmen für maritime Aufstandsbekämpfungsoperationen von Vietnam in den Irak und Afghanistan vor, während das Tentative Landing Operations Manual die Doktrin für die amphibischen Operationen des Zweiten Weltkriegs festlegte. " Operationelle Manöver vom Meer " ist die derzeitige Doktrin der Machtprojektion. [11]
Geschichte [ edit
Origins [ edit ]
Das United States Marine Corps geht auf die von Captain Samuel Nicholas gebildeten Continental Marines des Amerikanischen Unabhängigkeitskrieges zurück durch eine Resolution des Zweiten Kontinentalkongresses am 10. November 1775, zwei Bataillone von Marines aufzustellen. Dieses Datum wird als Geburtstag des Marine Corps angesehen und gefeiert. Am Ende der Amerikanischen Revolution wurden sowohl die Kontinentalmarine als auch die Kontinentalmarines im April 1783 aufgelöst. Die Institution selbst würde erst am 11. Juli 1798 wiederbelebt. Damals gründete der Kongress in Vorbereitung des Quasi-Krieges mit Frankreich die United States Marine Corps. [35] Bereits im August 1797 [36] waren Marines vom Kriegsministerium für den Dienst in den neuen Fregatten eingesetzt worden, die durch das "Congressional Act" zur Bereitstellung einer Seekampfausrüstung vom 18. März 1794 autorisiert waren. 19659142]in dem die Anzahl der Marines festgelegt wurde, die für jede Fregatte eingestellt werden sollten.
Britische und US-amerikanische Truppen besetzen an Bord Hornet und Penguin während sie während des abschließenden Angriffs zwischen britischen und US-Truppen im Krieg von 1812 im Hintergrund Musketenfeuer mit Tristan da Cuna tauschen Die berühmteste Aktion der Marines dieser Periode ereignete sich während des Ersten Barbarakrieges (1801–1805) gegen die Barbary-Piraten, [38] als William Eaton und der Oberleutnant Presley O'Bannon acht Marinesoldaten und 500 Söldner anführten Mühe Tripolis zu erfassen. Obwohl sie nur Derna erreichten, ist die Aktion in Tripolis in der Marineshymne und dem Mamelukenschwert, das von Marineoffizieren getragen wird, verewigt worden. [39]
Während des Krieges von 1812 trieben Marineabteilungen auf Marineschiffen nahm an einigen der großen Fregatten-Duelle teil, die den Krieg prägten, die die ersten und letzten Gefechte des Konflikts waren. Ihr bedeutendster Beitrag bestand jedoch darin, das Zentrum von General Jacksons Verteidigungslinie in der Schlacht von New Orleans zu halten, der letzten großen Schlacht und einer der einseitigsten Gefechte des Krieges. Mit weitverbreiteten Nachrichten von der Schlacht und der Gefangennahme von HMS Cyane HMS Levant und HMS Penguin hatten die Marines die endgültigen Einsätze zwischen britischen und US-amerikanischen Truppen errungen ein Ruf als Kenner der Scharfschützen, vor allem in Verteidigungs- und Schiff-zu-Schiff-Aktionen. 19459110 [39]
Nach dem Krieg geriet das Marine Corps in ein Malaise, das mit der Ernennung von Archibald Henderson endete Fünfter Kommandant im Jahr 1820. Während seiner Amtszeit übernahm das Korps Expeditionsaufgaben in der Karibik, im Golf von Mexiko, in Key West, in Westafrika, in den Falklandinseln und in Sumatra. Dem Kommandanten Henderson wird nachgesagt, Präsident Jacksons Versuche, das Marine Corps mit der Armee zu kombinieren und zu integrieren, durchkreuzen. 19659148 Stattdessen verabschiedete der Kongress 1834 das Gesetz für die bessere Organisation des Marine Corps in dem das Corps festgelegt wurde war als Schwesternschaft der Marine Teil der Marineabteilung. [40] Dies war das erste von vielen Fällen, dass die unabhängige Existenz des Korps in Frage gestellt wurde.
Kommandant Henderson leistete freiwillig die Marines für den Dienst in den Seminole-Kriegen von 1835 und führte persönlich fast die Hälfte des gesamten Corps (zwei Bataillone) in den Krieg. Ein Jahrzehnt später, im mexikanisch-amerikanischen Krieg (1846–1848), machten die Marines ihren berühmten Angriff auf den Chapultepec-Palast in Mexiko-Stadt, der später als die "Hallen von Montezuma" im Marines-Hymnus gefeiert wurde. In den 1850er Jahren sahen die Marines in Panama und Asien einen weiteren Dienst vor, der auf seiner historischen Reise in den Fernen Osten mit Matthew Perrys East India Squadron verbunden war. [41]
Das Marine Corps spielte im Bürgerkrieg (1861–1865) eine kleine Rolle; Ihre bekannteste Aufgabe war die Blockadepflicht. Als immer mehr Staaten aus der Union austraten, verließ etwa ein Drittel der Corps-Offiziere die Vereinigten Staaten, um sich der Konföderation anzuschließen und das Marine Corps der Konföderierten Staaten zu bilden, das letztendlich wenig am Krieg teilnahm. Das Bataillon der Rekruten, die sich für die Erste Schlacht des Stierlaufs (auch bekannt als Erste Schlacht von Manassas [42] von den konföderierten Streitkräften) bildeten, entwickelte sich schlecht und zog sich mit den übrigen Streitkräften der Union zurück. [33] Der Blockadeposten enthielt See- basierende amphibische Operationen zur Sicherung von Forward Bases. Ende November 1861 landeten Marines und Matrosen in Tybee Island, Georgia, unter der Flagge der USS um den Leuchtturm und den Martello Tower am nördlichen Ende der Insel zu besetzen. Es war später die Armeebasis für die Bombardierung von Fort Pulaski. [43] Im April und Mai 1862 beteiligten sich Union Marines an der Einnahme und Besetzung von New Orleans und der Besetzung von Baton Rouge, Louisiana [44] die Ereignisse im Krieg signalisieren half, die Kontrolle der Union über das untere Mississippi-Becken zu sichern, und verweigerte der Konföderation einen wichtigen Hafen- und Marine-Stützpunkt an der Golfküste.
Amerikanischer Bürgerkrieg bis zum Ersten Weltkrieg [ edit ]
Der Rest des 19. Jahrhunderts war geprägt von abnehmender Stärke und Introspektion über die Mission des Marine Corps. Der Übergang der Marine vom Segel zum Dampf stellt die Notwendigkeit von Marines auf Marineschiffen in Frage. Inzwischen waren Marines eine bequeme Ressource für Eingriffe und Landungen, um die amerikanischen Interessen in Übersee zu schützen. Das Korps war in den 30 Jahren von Ende des amerikanischen Bürgerkriegs bis zum Ende des 19. Jahrhunderts an über 28 verschiedenen Interventionen beteiligt. [45] Sie sollten politische und arbeitsrechtliche Unruhen in den Vereinigten Staaten unterdrücken. [46] Unter der Amtszeit von Kommandant Jacob Zeilin nahmen die maritimen Bräuche und Traditionen Gestalt an: Das Korps nahm am 19. November 1868 das Emblem des Marine Corps an. In dieser Zeit wurde erstmals "Die Marineshymne" gehört. Um 1883 übernahmen die Marines das heutige Motto " Semper Fidelis " ( Always Faithful ). [39]
John Philip Sousa, der Musiker und Komponist , im Alter von 13 Jahren als Marine-Lehrling eingetragen, diente von 1867 bis 1872 und erneut von 1880 bis 1892 als Anführer der Marine Band. Während des Spanisch-Amerikanischen Krieges (1898) führten Marines amerikanische Truppen auf den Philippinen, Kuba und Puerto Rico an Land und demonstrierten ihre Bereitschaft zum Einsatz. In Guantánamo Bay, Kuba, beschlagnahmten die Marines einen fortgeschrittenen Marinestützpunkt, der heute noch in Gebrauch ist. Zwischen 1899 und 1916 setzte das Korps seine Teilnahme an ausländischen Expeditionen fort, darunter den Philippinisch-Amerikanischen Krieg, den Boxeraufstand in China (1899–1901), Panama, die kubanischen Pazifikationen, den Perdicaris-Vorfall in Marokko, Veracruz, Santo Domingo und die Bananenkriege in Haiti und Nicaragua; Die Erfahrungen, die während dieser Zeit bei Aufstands- und Guerillaoperationen gesammelt wurden, wurden in das Small Wars Manual . [47]
Erster Weltkrieg [ edit ]
Während des Ersten Weltkrieges dienten Marines als Teil der amerikanischen Expeditionstruppe unter General Pershing, als die USA am 6. April 1917 in den Krieg eintraten. Das Marine Corps hatte einen tiefen Pool von Offizieren und Unteroffizieren Schlacht Erfahrung und erlebte eine große Expansion. Während des Krieges kämpften die Marines, die an der Westfront in Frankreich kämpften, in der Schlacht von Belleau Wood Mitte 1918. Obwohl die Marines und US-Medien berichteten, dass die Deutschen sie Teufel Hunden als "Teufelhunde" bezeichnet hatten, für ihren Ruf als Schocktruppen und Schützen in Entfernungen von bis zu 900 Metern, gibt es keine Hinweise auf Deutsch Aufzeichnungen (als Teufelshunde wäre der richtige deutsche Ausdruck). Trotzdem blieb der Name haften. [48]
Die Flagge des United States Marine Corps von 1914 bis 1939.
Das US Marine Corps trat mit 511 Offizieren und 13.214 Soldaten in den Krieg ein und hatte bis zum 11. November 1918 vor erreichte eine Stärke von 2.400 Offizieren und 70.000 Mann. [49] Afroamerikaner wurden während dieses Konflikts vollständig vom Marine Corps ausgeschlossen. [50] Opha May Johnson war die erste Frau, die sich bei den Marines einschrieb; 1918 trat sie während des Ersten Weltkrieges der Marine Corps Reserve bei und wurde offiziell die erste weibliche Marine. [51] Bis zum Ende des Ersten Weltkrieges waren 305 Frauen im Korps eingetragen. [52] 19659093] Zwischen den Weltkriegen wurde das Marine Corps von Kommandant John A. Lejeune angeführt. Unter seiner Führung untersuchte und entwickelte das Corps Amphibien-Techniken, die im Zweiten Weltkrieg von großem Nutzen sein würden. Viele Offiziere, darunter Oberstleutnant Earl Hancock "Pete" Ellis, sahen einen Krieg im Pazifik mit Japan vor und nahmen Vorbereitungen für einen solchen Konflikt vor. Als 1941 die Kriegsaussichten wuchsen, drängte das Korps dringend auf gemeinsame Amphibienübungen mit der Armee und erwarb amphibische Ausrüstung, die sich für den bevorstehenden Konflikt als nützlich erwiesen hatte. [53]
Zweiter Weltkrieg [[19456501] edit ]
Im Zweiten Weltkrieg spielten die Marines zusammen mit der US-Armee eine zentrale Rolle im Pazifikkrieg. Die Schlachten von Guadalcanal, Bougainville, Tarawa, Guam, Tinian, Kap Gloucester, Saipan, Peleliu, Iwo Jima und Okinawa erlebten heftige Kämpfe zwischen Marines und der japanischen Kaiserarmee.
Die Schlacht von Iwo Jima, die am 19. Februar 1945 begann, war wohl das berühmteste Marine-Engagement des Krieges. Die Japaner hatten aus ihren Niederlagen in der Marianas-Kampagne gelernt und viele befestigte Stellungen auf der Insel vorbereitet, darunter Pillboxen und ein Netz von unterirdischen Tunneln. Die Japaner leisteten heftigen Widerstand, aber die amerikanischen Streitkräfte erreichten am 23. Februar den Gipfel des Mount Suribachi. Die Mission wurde mit hohen Verlusten von 26.000 amerikanischen Verletzten und 22.000 Japanern vollbracht. [54]
Die Marines spielten im europäischen Theater eine vergleichsweise geringe Rolle. Trotzdem stellten sie weiterhin Sicherheitskommandos für US-Botschaften und Schiffe bereit, stellten Personal für kleine Spezialeinheiten bereit, die im Rahmen der Mission des Büros für Strategische Dienste (OSS, Vorläufer der CIA) in das von Nazi besetzte Europa abgesetzt wurden, und fungierten als Personalplaner und Ausbilder für Amphibienoperationen der US-Armee, einschließlich der Landungen in der Normandie 19459137 [55] [56]
Bis zum Ende des Krieges dehnte sich das Korps von zwei Brigaden aus zu sechs Divisionen, fünf Luftflügeln und unterstützenden Truppen, insgesamt etwa 485.000 Marines. Darüber hinaus wurden 20 Verteidigungsbataillone und ein Fallschirmbataillon aufgestellt. [57] Nahezu 87.000 Marinesoldaten waren im Zweiten Weltkrieg Opfer (darunter fast 20.000 Tote), und 82 wurden mit der Ehrenmedaille ausgezeichnet. [58]
Im Jahr 1942 wurden die Navy Seabees vom Marine Corps geschaffen, die für ihre Organisation und militärische Ausbildung zuständig waren. Viele Seabee-Einheiten erhielten die USMC-Standardausgabe und wurden als "Marine" umbenannt. Obwohl das Corps ihnen ihre militärische Organisation, militärische Ausbildung, die Ausgabe von Uniformen und die Neugestaltung ihrer Einheiten gab, blieben die Seabees die Marine. [b][59][60] Der USMC-Historiker Gordon L. Rottmann schrieb, dass einer der "größten Beiträge der Marine für das Marine Corps im Zweiten Weltkrieg war." die Schaffung der Seabees. " [61]
Trotz des Marine-Sekretärs sagte James Forrestal voraus, dass die Flagge der Marine bei Iwo Jima" ein Marine Corps für die nächsten fünfhundert Jahre "bedeutete. 19659185] Das Corps sah sich nach dem Krieg aufgrund eines plötzlich schrumpfenden Haushalts unmittelbar einer institutionellen Krise gegenüber. Armeegeneralen, die sich für eine verstärkte und neu organisierte Verteidigungsanlage einsetzten, versuchten, die Marine-Mission und ihre Vermögenswerte in die Marine und die Armee zu falten. Das Marine Corps stützte sich auf die eilig versammelte Unterstützung des Kongresses und unterstützte mit Hilfe des sogenannten "Aufstands der Admirale" derartige Bemühungen, das Corps zu demontieren. Dies führte zum gesetzlichen Schutz des Marine Corps im National Security Act von 1947. [64] Kurz darauf gewährte der Douglas-Mansfield-Act 1952 dem Kommandanten in den Angelegenheiten der Marines eine gleichberechtigte Stimme mit den Stabschefs und stellte die Struktur der drei aktiven Divisionen und Luftflügel her, die bis heute bestehen.
Koreakrieg [ edit ]
Der Koreakrieg (1950–1953) sah die eilig gebildete Provisional Marine Brigade die Verteidigungslinie am Pusan Perimeter halten. Um ein Flankenmanöver durchzuführen, forderte General Douglas MacArthur die Streitkräfte der Vereinten Nationen, einschließlich der US-Marines, auf, amphibisch in Inchon zu landen. Die erfolgreiche Landung führte zum Zusammenbruch der nordkoreanischen Linien und zur Verfolgung nordkoreanischer Streitkräfte nördlich des Yalu-Flusses bis zum Eintritt der Volksrepublik China in den Krieg. Chinesische Truppen umzingelten, überraschten und überwältigten die überstreckten und überlegenen amerikanischen Truppen. Das X-Corps der US-Armee, zu dem die 1. Marine Division und die 7. Infanterie-Division der Armee gehörten, gruppierte sich um und verursachte schwere Verluste während ihres Kampfes an die Küste, die jetzt als Battle of Chosin Reservoir (Schlacht am Chosin-Reservoir) bekannt ist.
Die Kämpfe beruhigten sich nach der Schlacht am Chosin-Stausee, aber Ende März 1953 wurde die relative Stille des Krieges unterbrochen, als die People's Liberation Army eine massive Offensive gegen drei Außenposten startete, die vom 5. Marine-Regiment besetzt waren. Diese Außenposten erhielten den Codenamen "Reno", "Vegas" und "Carson". Die Kampagne wurde gemeinsam als Nevada Cities Campaign bezeichnet. Es gab brutale Kämpfe auf dem Reno-Hügel, der schließlich von den Chinesen erobert wurde. Obwohl Reno verloren ging, hielten die 5. Marines sowohl Vegas als auch Carson durch den Rest der Kampagne. In dieser einen Kampagne erlitten die Marines ungefähr 1.000 Tote und hätten ohne den Task Force Faith der US-Armee möglicherweise noch viel mehr gelitten. Marinesoldaten würden bis zum Waffenstillstand von 1953 eine Schlacht um den 38. Parallelen Kampf fortsetzen. [65]
Nach dem Koreakrieg expandierte das Korps von 75.000 auf 261.000 Soldaten, hauptsächlich Reservisten. 30.544 Marines wurden während des Krieges getötet oder verwundet und 42 wurden mit der Ehrenmedaille ausgezeichnet. [66]
Vietnamkrieg [ edit
Das Marine Corps diente im Vietnamkrieg, als es an solchen teilnahm Schlachten wie die Schlacht von Hue und die Schlacht von Khe Sanh im Jahr 1968. Personen der USMC operierten im Allgemeinen in den nördlichen I Corps-Regionen Südvietnams. Dort waren sie ständig in einen Guerillakrieg gegen den Viet Cong verwickelt, zusammen mit einem zeitweiligen konventionellen Krieg gegen die Nordvietnamesische Armee (NVA). Teile des Korps waren für das weniger bekannte Kombinierte Aktionsprogramm (GAP) verantwortlich, das unkonventionelle Techniken zur Aufstandsbekämpfung implementierte und als Militärberater des Marine Corps der Republik Vietnam arbeitete. Marinesoldaten wurden 1971 zurückgezogen und kehrten 1975 kurzzeitig zurück, um Saigon zu evakuieren und eine Rettung der Besatzung der Mayagüez zu versuchen. [67]
Vietnam war der längste Krieg für Marinesoldaten; Bis zu seinem Ende waren 13.091 [68][69] getötet worden, 51.392 wurden verwundet und 57 Ehrenmedaillen verliehen. [70][71] Aufgrund der Rotationspolitik wurden mehr Marines für den Einsatz während des Vietnamkriegs eingesetzt als im Zweiten Weltkrieg. [72]
While recovering from Vietnam, the Corps hit a detrimental low point in its service history caused by courts-martial and non-judicial punishments related partially to increased unauthorized absences and desertions during the war. Overhauling of the Corps began in the late 1970s, discharging the most delinquent, and once quality of new recruits improved, the Corps focused on reforming the NCO Corps, a vital functioning part of its forces.[27]
Interim: Vietnam War to the War on Terror[edit]
After the Vietnam War, the U.S. Marines resumed their expeditionary role, participating in the failed 1980 Iran hostage rescue attempt Operation Eagle Claw, the invasion of Grenada (Operation Urgent Fury) and the invasion of Panama (Operation Just Cause). On 23 October 1983, the Marine headquarters building in Beirut, Lebanon, was bombed, causing the highest peacetime losses to the Corps in its history (220 Marines and 21 other service members were killed) and leading to the American withdrawal from the country. The year 1990 saw Marines of the Joint Task Force Sharp Edge save thousands of lives by evacuating British, French and American nationals from the violence of the Liberian Civil War.
During the Persian Gulf War of 1990 to 1991, Marine task forces formed for Operation Desert Shield, and later liberated Kuwait, along with Coalition forces, in Operation Desert Storm.[39] Marines participated in combat operations in Somalia (1992–1995) during Operations Restore Hope, Restore Hope II, and United Shield to provide humanitarian relief.[73] In 1997, Marines took part in Operation Silver Wake, the evacuation of American citizens from the US Embassy in Tirana, Albania.
Global War on Terrorism[edit]
U.S. Marines conducting a dawn patrol in Afghanistan's Nawa District, Helmand Province (May 2010).
Following the attacks on 11 September 2001, President George W. Bush announced the Global War on Terrorism. The stated objective of the Global War on Terror is "the defeat of Al-Qaeda, other terrorist groups and any nation that supports or harbors terrorists".[74] Since then, the Marine Corps, alongside the other military services, has engaged in global operations around the world in support of that mission.
In spring 2009, President Barack Obama's goal of reducing spending in the Defense Department was led by Secretary Robert Gates in a series of budget cuts that did not significantly change the Corps' budget and programs, cutting only the VH-71 Kestrel and resetting the VXX program.[75][76][77] However, the National Commission on Fiscal Responsibility and Reform singled the Corps out for the brunt of a series of recommended cuts in late 2010.[78] In light of budget sequestration in 2013, General Amos set a goal of a force of 174,000 Marines.[79] He testified that this was the minimum number that would allow for an effective response to even a single contingency operation, but it would reduce the peacetime ratio of time at home bases to time deployed down to a historical low level.[80]
Marines and other American forces began staging in Pakistan and Uzbekistan on the border of Afghanistan as early as October 2001 in preparation for Operation Enduring Freedom.[81] The 15th and 26th Marine Expeditionary Units were some of the first conventional forces into Afghanistan in support of Operation Enduring Freedom in November 2001.[82] Since then, Marine battalions and squadrons have been rotating through, engaging Taliban and Al-Qaeda forces. Marines of the 24th Marine Expeditionary Unit flooded into the Taliban-held town of Garmsir on 29 April 2008, in Helmand Province, in the first major American operation in the region in years.[83] In June 2009, 7,000 Marines with the 2nd Marine Expeditionary Brigade deployed to Afghanistan in an effort to improve security,[84] and began Operation Strike of the Sword the next month. In February 2010, the 2nd Marine Expeditionary Brigade launched the largest offensive of the Afghan Campaign since 2001, the Battle of Marjah, to clear the Taliban from their key stronghold in Helmand Province.[85] After Marjah, Marines progressed north up the Helmand River and cleared the towns of Kajahki and Sangin. Marines remained in Helmand Province until 2014.
Iraq Campaign (Operations Iraqi Freedom, New Dawn, Inherent Resolve)[edit]
U.S. Marines served in the Iraq War, along with its sister services. The I Marine Expeditionary Force, along with the U.S. Army's 3rd Infantry Division, spearheaded the 2003 invasion of Iraq.[86] The Marines left Iraq in the summer of 2003, but returned in the beginning of 2004. They were given responsibility for the Al Anbar Province, the large desert region to the west of Baghdad. During this occupation, the Marines lead assaults on the city of Fallujah in April (Operation Vigilant Resolve) and November 2004 (Operation Phantom Fury) and saw intense fighting in such places as Ramadi, Al-Qa'im and Hīt.[87] Their time in Iraq has courted controversy with the Haditha killings and the Hamdania incident.[88][89] The Anbar Awakening and 2007 surge reduced levels of violence. On 1 March 2009, at Camp Lejeune, President Obama Throughout the Global War on Terrorism, the U.S. Marines have supported operations in Africa to counter Islamic extremism and piracy in the Red Sea. In late 2002, Combined Joint Task Force – Horn of Africa was stood up at Camp Lemonnier, Djibouti to provide regional security.[90] Despite transferring overall command to the Navy in 2006, the Marines continued to operate in the Horn of Africa into 2007.[91]
Organization[edit]
Department of the Navy[edit]
The Department of the Navy, led by the Secretary of the Navy, is a military department of the cabinet-level U.S. Department of Defense that oversees the Marine Corps and the Navy. The most senior Marine officer is the Commandant (unless a Marine officer is the Chairman of the Joint Chiefs or Vice Chairman of the Joint Chiefs), responsible to the Secretary of the Navy for organizing, recruiting, training, and equipping the Marine Corps so that its forces are ready for deployment under the operational command of the Combatant Commanders. The Marine Corps is organized into four principal subdivisions: Headquarters Marine Corps (HQMC), the Operating Forces, the Supporting Establishment, and the Marine Forces Reserve (MARFORRES or USMCR).
Headquarters Marine Corps (HQMC)[edit]
Headquarters Marine Corps consists of the Commandant of the Marine Corps, the Assistant Commandant of the Marine Corps, the Director Marine Corps Staff, the several Deputy Commandants, the Sergeant Major of the Marine Corps, and various special staff officers and Marine Corps agency heads that report directly to either the Commandant or Assistant Commandant. HQMC is supported by the Headquarters and Service Battalion, USMC providing administrative, supply, logistics, training, and services support to the Commandant and his staff.
Operating Forces[edit]
The Operating Forces are divided into three categories: Marine Corps Forces (MARFOR) assigned to unified combatant commands, viz., the Fleet Marine Forces (FMF), Security Forces guarding high-risk naval installations, and Security Guard detachments at American embassies. Under the "Forces for Unified Commands" memo, in accordance with the Unified Command Plan approved by the President, Marine Corps Forces are assigned to each of the Combatant Commands at the discretion of the Secretary of Defense. Since 1991, the Marine Corps has maintained component headquarters at each of the regional unified combatant commands.[92]
Marine Corps Forces are divided into Forces Command (MARFORCOM) and Pacific Command (MARFORPAC), each headed by a Lieutenant General dual-posted as the commanding general of either FMF Atlantic (FMFLANT) or FMF Pacific (FMFPAC), respectively. MARFORCOM/FMFLANT has operational control of the II Marine Expeditionary Force; MARFORPAC/FMFPAC has operational control of the I Marine Expeditionary Force and III Marine Expeditionary Force.[33]
Marine Air-Ground Task Force (MAGTF)[edit]
The basic framework for deployable Marine units is the Marine Air-Ground Task Force (MAGTF), a flexible structure of varying size. A MAGTF integrates a ground combat element (GCE), an aviation combat element (ACE), and a logistics combat element (LCE) under a common command element (CE), capable of operating independently or as part of a larger coalition. The MAGTF structure reflects a strong preference in the Corps towards self-sufficiency and a commitment to combined arms, both essential assets to an expeditionary force. The Marine Corps has a wariness and distrust of reliance on its sister services, and towards joint operations in general.[27]
Supporting Establishment[edit]
The Supporting Establishment includes the Combat Development Command, the Logistics Command, the Systems Command, the Recruiting Command, the Installations Command, the Marine Band, and the Marine Drum and Bugle Corps.
Marine Corps bases and stations[edit]
The Marine Corps operates many major bases, 14 of which host operating forces, several support and training installations, as well as satellite facilities.[93] Marine Corps' bases are concentrated around the locations of the Marine Expeditionary Forces, though reserve units are scattered throughout the United States. The principal bases are Camp Pendleton on the West Coast, home to I MEF; Camp Lejeune on the East Coast, home to II MEF; and Camp Butler in Okinawa, Japan, home to III MEF.
Other important bases include air stations, recruit depots, logistics bases, and training commands. Marine Corps Air Ground Combat Center Twentynine Palms in California is the Marine Corps' largest base and home to the Corps' most complex, combined-arms, live-fire training. Marine Corps Base Quantico in Virginia is home to Marine Corps Combat Development Command, and nicknamed the "Crossroads of the Marine Corps".[94][95]
The Marine Corps maintains a significant presence in the National Capital Region, with Headquarters Marine Corps scattered amongst the Pentagon, Henderson Hall, Washington Navy Yard, and Marine Barracks, Washington, D.C. Additionally, Marines operate detachments at many installations owned by other branches, to better share resources, such as specialty schools. Marines are also present at, and operate many, forward bases during expeditionary operations.
Marine Forces Reserve (MARFORRES/USMCR)[edit]
Marine Forces Reserve consists of the Force Headquarters Group, 4th Marine Division, 4th Marine Aircraft Wing, and the 4th Marine Logistics Group. The MARFORRES/USMCR is capable of forming a 4th Marine Expeditionary Force (MEF) or reinforcing/augmenting active-duty forces.
Special Operations[edit]
Marine Raiders conduct CQB training.
Marine Corps Forces Special Operations Command (MARSOC) includes: the Marine Raider Regiment, the Marine Raider Support Group, and the Marine Special Operations School. Both the Raider Regiment and the Raider Support Group consist of a headquarters company and three operations battalions. The Special Operations School conducts screening, assessment, selection, training and development functions for MARSOC units.
Marine Corps Special Operations Capable forces include: Air Naval Gunfire Liaison Companies, the Chemical Biological Incident Response Force, the Marine Division Reconnaissance Battalions, Force Reconnaissance Companies, Maritime Special Purpose Force, and Special Reaction Teams. Additionally, all deployed Marine Expeditionary Units are certified as "Special Operations Capable", viz. "MEU(SOC)", however Special Operations Capable forces are not considered to be special operations forces.
Although the notion of a Marine special operations forces contribution to the United States Special Operations Command (USSOCOM) was considered as early as the founding of USSOCOM in the 1980s, it was resisted by the Marine Corps. Then-Commandant Paul X. Kelley expressed the belief that Marines should only support Marines, and that the Corps should not fund a special operations capability that would not directly support Marine operations.[96] However, much of the resistance from within the Corps dissipated when Marine leaders watched the Corps' 15th and 26th MEU(SOC)s "sit on the sidelines" during the very early stages of Operation Enduring Freedom while other special operations units from the Army, Navy, and Air Force actively engaged in operations in Afghanistan.[97] After a three-year development period, the Corps agreed in 2006 to supply a 2,500-strong unit, Marine Forces Special Operations Command, which would answer directly to USSOCOM.[98]
Personnel[edit]
Leadership[edit]
The Commandant of the Marine Corps is the highest-ranking officer of the Marine Corps, unless a Marine is either the chairman or Vice Chairman of the Joint Chiefs. The Commandant has the U.S. Code Title 10 responsibility to staff, train, and equip the Marine Corps and has no command authority. The Commandant is a member of the Joint Chiefs of Staff, and reports to the Secretary of the Navy.[99]
The Assistant Commandant of the Marine Corps acts as the chief deputy to the Commandant. The Sergeant Major of the Marine Corps is the senior enlisted Marine, and acts as an adviser to the Commandant. Headquarters Marine Corps comprises the rest of the Commandant's counsel and staff, with deputy Commandants that oversee various aspects of the Corps assets and capabilities.
The current and 37th Commandant is Robert Neller, who assumed the position on 30 September 2015.[100][101] The 34th and current Assistant Commandant is Glenn M. Walters, while the 18th and current Sergeant Major is Ronald L. Green.
Women[edit]
Two of the first female graduates of the School of Infantry-East's Infantry Training Battalion course, 2013
Women have served in the USMC since 1918.[102] In January 2017, three women joined an infantry battalion at Camp Lejune. Women had not served as infantry Marines prior to this.[103] In 2017, the Marines released a recruitment ad that focused on women for the first time.[104] As of 2017[update] women make up about 7% of the force.[105]
Rank structure[edit]
As in the rest of the United States Armed Forces (excluding the Air Force, which does not currently appoint warrant officers), Marine Corps ranks fall into one of three categories: commissioned officer, warrant officer, and enlisted, in decreasing order of authority. To standardize compensation, each rank is assigned a pay grade.[106]
Commissioned officers[edit]
Commissioned officers are distinguished from other officers by their commission, which is the formal written authority, issued in the name of the President of the United States, that confers the rank and authority of a Marine officer. Commissioned officers carry the "special trust and confidence" of the President of the United States.[21] Marine Corps commissioned officers are promoted based on an "up or out" system in accordance with the Defense Officer Personnel Management Act of 1980.
Warrant officers[edit]
Warrant officers are primarily former enlisted experts in a specific specialized field and provide leadership generally only within that speciality.
Enlisted[edit]
Enlisted Marines in the pay grades E-1 to E-3 make up the bulk of the Corps' ranks, usually referred to simply as "Marines". Although they do not technically hold leadership ranks, the Corps' ethos stresses leadership among all Marines, and junior Marines are often assigned responsibility normally reserved for superiors. Those in the pay grades of E-4 and E-5 are non-commissioned officers (NCOs). They primarily supervise junior Marines and act as a vital link with the higher command structure, ensuring that orders are carried out correctly. Marines E-6 and higher are Staff Non-Commissioned Officers (SNCOs), charged with supervising NCOs and acting as enlisted advisers to the command.
The E-8 and E-9 levels have two and three ranks per pay grade, respectively, each with different responsibilities. The First Sergeant and Sergeant Major ranks are command-oriented, serving as the senior enlisted Marines in a unit, charged to assist the commanding officer in matters of discipline, administration and the morale and welfare of the unit. Master Sergeants and Master Gunnery Sergeants provide technical leadership as occupational specialists in their specific MOS. The Sergeant Major of the Marine Corps also E-9, is a billet conferred on the senior enlisted Marine of the entire Marine Corps, personally selected by the Commandant. It is possible however for an enlisted Marine to hold a position senior to Sergeant Major of the Marine Corps which was the case from 2011 to 2015 with the appointment of Sergeant Major Bryan B. Battaglia to the billet of Senior Enlisted Advisor to the Chairman, who is the senior enlisted member of the United States military.
Different forms of address can be found at United States Marine Corps rank insignia and List of United States Marine Corps acronyms and expressions.
Military Occupational Specialty[edit]
The Military Occupational Specialty (MOS) is a system of job classification. Using a four digit code, it designates what field and specific occupation a Marine performs. Segregated between officer and enlisted, the MOS determines the staffing of a unit. Some MOSs change with rank to reflect supervisory positions, others are secondary and represent a temporary assignment outside of a Marine's normal duties or special skill.
Initial training[edit]
Every year, over 2,000 new Marine officers are commissioned, and 38,000 recruits accepted and trained.[33] All new Marines, enlisted or officer, are recruited by the Marine Corps Recruiting Command.[107]
Commissioned officers are commissioned mainly through one of three sources: Naval Reserve Officer Training Corps (NROTC), Officer Candidates School (OCS), or the United States Naval Academy (USNA). Following commissioning, all Marine commissioned officers, regardless of accession route or further training requirements, attend The Basic School (TBS) at Marine Corps Base Quantico, Virginia. At TBS, second lieutenants, warrant officers, and selected foreign officers learn the art of infantry and combined arms warfare.[21]
Marine recruits at Marine Corps Recruit Depot San Diego.
Enlisted Marines attend recruit training, known as boot campat either Marine Corps Recruit Depot San Diego or Marine Corps Recruit Depot Parris Island. Historically, the Mississippi River served as a dividing line that delineated who would be trained where, while more recently, a district system has ensured a more even distribution of male recruits between the two MCRD facilities. Females attend only the Parris Island depot as part of the segregated Fourth Recruit Training Battalion. All recruits must pass a fitness test to start training; those who fail receive individualized attention and training until the minimum standards are reached. Marine recruit training is the longest among the American military services; it is 13 weeks long including processing and out-processing.[108]
Following recruit training, enlisted Marines then attend The School of Infantry at Camp Geiger or Camp Pendleton. Infantry Marines begin their combat training, which varies in length, immediately with the Infantry Training Battalion (ITB). Marines in all other MOSs other than infantry train for 29 days in Marine Combat Training (MCT), learning common infantry skills, before continuing on to their MOS schools, which vary in length.[109]
Uniforms[edit]
Left to right: Utility Uniform, Dress Uniform, Service Uniform, and Evening Dress Uniform
The Marine Corps has the most stable and most recognizable uniforms in the American military; the Dress Blues dates back to the early 19th century[33] and the service uniform to the early 20th century. Only a handful of skills (parachutist, air crew, explosive ordnance disposal, etc.) warrant distinguishing badges, and rank insignia is not worn on uniform headgear (with the exception of an officer's garrison service cover). While other servicemembers commonly identify with a sub-group as much as or more than their service (Ranger, submariner, aircrew, etc.), Marine uniforms do not reflect such division.
Marines have four main uniforms: Dress, Service, Utility, and Physical Training (PT). These uniforms have a few minor, but very distinct, variations from enlisted personnel to commissioned and non-commissioned officers. The Marine Corps Dress uniform is the most elaborate, worn for formal or ceremonial occasions. There are four different forms of the Dress uniform. The variations of the dress uniforms are known as "Alphas", "Bravos", "Charlies", or "Deltas". The most common being the "Blue Dress Alphas or Bravos", called "Dress Blues" or simply "Blues". It is most often seen in recruiting advertisements and is equivalent to black tie. There is a "Blue-White" Dress for summer, and Evening Dress for formal (white tie) occasions. Versions with a khaki shirt in lieu of the coat (Blue Dress Charlie/Delta) are worn as a daily working uniform by Marine recruiters and NROTC staff.[110]
The Service Uniform was once the prescribed daily work attire in garrison; however, it has been largely superseded in this role by the utility uniform. Consisting of olive green and khaki colors, it is commonly referred to as "Greens". It is roughly equivalent in function and composition to a business suit.[110]
The Utility Uniformcurrently the Marine Corps Combat Utility Uniform, is a camouflage uniform intended for wear in the field or for dirty work in garrison, though it has now been standardized for regular duty. It is rendered in MARPAT pixelated camouflage (sometimes referred to as digitals or digies) that breaks up the wearer's shape. In garrison, the woodland and desert uniforms are worn depending on the Marine's duty station.[111] Marines consider the utilities a working uniform and do not permit their wear off-base, except in transit to and from their place of duty and in the event of an emergency.[110]
Culture[edit]
As in any military organization, the official and unofficial traditions of the Marine Corps serve to reinforce camaraderie and set the service apart from others. The Corps' embrace of its rich culture and history is cited as a reason for its high esprit de corps.[21]
Eagle, Globe and Anchor along with the U.S. flag, the Marine Corps flag and the Commandant's flag.
Official traditions and customs[edit]
The Marines' Hymn dates back to the 19th century and is the oldest official song in the United States armed forces. The Marine motto Semper Fidelis means Always Faithful in Latin, often appearing as Semper Fi; also the name of the official march of the Corps, composed by John Philip Sousa. The mottos "Fortitudine" (With Fortitude); By Sea and by Landa translation of the Royal Marines' Per Mare, Per Terram; and To the Shores of Tripoli were used until 1868.[112] The Marine Corps emblem is the Eagle, Globe, and Anchor, sometimes abbreviated "EGA", adopted in 1868.[113] The Marine Corps seal includes the emblem, also is found on the flag of the United States Marine Corps, and establishes scarlet and gold as the official colors.[114]
Two styles of swords are worn by Marines: the officers' Mameluke Sword, similar to the Persian shamshir presented to Lt. Presley O'Bannon after the Battle of Derna, and the Marine NCO sword.[33] The Marine Corps Birthday is celebrated every year on 10 November in a cake-cutting ceremony where the first slice of cake is given to the oldest Marine present, who in turn hands it off to the youngest Marine present. The celebration includes a reading of Commandant Lejeune's Birthday Message.[115] Close Order Drill is heavily emphasized early on in a Marine's initial training, incorporated into most formal events, and is used to teach discipline by instilling habits of precision and automatic response to orders, increase the confidence of junior officers and noncommissioned officers through the exercise of command and give Marines an opportunity to handle individual weapons.[116]
An important part of the Marine Corps culture is the traditional seafaring naval terminology derived from its history with the Navy. Marines are not "soldiers", or "sailors".[117]
Unofficial traditions and customs[edit]
A recruiting poster makes use of the "Teufel Hunden" nickname.
Marines have several generic nicknames:
Devil Dog German soldiers during the First World War said that at Belleau Wood the Marines were so vicious that the German infantrymen called them Teufel-Hunden – 'devil dogs'.[118][119][120]
Gyrene commonly used between fellow Marines.[121]
Leatherneck refers to a leather collar formerly part of the Marine uniform during the Revolutionary War period.[122]
Jarhead has several oft-disputed explanations.[123]
Some other unofficial traditions include mottos and exclamations:
Oorah is common among Marines, being similar in function and purpose to the Army and Air Force's hooah and the Navy's hooyah cries. Many possible etymologies have been offered for the term.[124]
Semper Fi is a common greeting among serving and veteran Marines. It is short for the Marine Corps Motto "Semper Fidelis"
Improvise, Adapt and Overcome has become an adopted mantra in many units.[125]
Veteran Marines[edit]
The Corps encourages the idea that "Marine" is an earned title and most Marine Corps personnel take to heart the phrase "Once a Marine, Always a Marine". They reject the term "ex-Marine" in most circumstances. There are no regulations concerning the address of persons who have left active service, so a number of customary terms have come into common use:[64]
"Marine" is acceptable and considered complimentary by most Corps personnel.
An honorably discharged Marine is a "Marine". The title "Marine Corps Veteran" is also acceptable. There are no honorably discharged "Former" or "Ex" Marines.
"Retired Marine" is generally reserved for those who have completed 20 or more years of service are called "Lifers" and formally retired or those who have been medically retired.
According to one of the "Commandant's White letters" from Commandant Alfred M. Gray, Jr., referring to a Marine by their last earned rank is appropriate.[126]
Martial arts program[edit]
In 2001, the Marine Corps initiated an internally designed martial arts program, called Marine Corps Martial Arts Program (MCMAP). Due to an expectation that urban and police-type peacekeeping missions would become more common in the 21st century, placing Marines in even closer contact with unarmed civilians, MCMAP was implemented to provide Marines with a larger and more versatile set of less-than-lethal options for controlling hostile, but unarmed individuals. It is a stated aim of the program to instill and maintain the "Warrior Ethos" within Marines.[127] The Marine Corps Martial Arts program is an eclectic mix of different styles of martial arts melded together. MCMAP consists of punches and kicks from Taekwondo and Karate, opponent weight transfer from Jujitsu, ground grappling involving joint locking techniques and chokes from Brazilian jiu-jitsu, and a mix of knife and baton/stick fighting derived from Eskrima, and elbow strikes and kick boxing from Muay Thai. Marines begin MCMAP training in boot camp, where they will earn the first of five available belts.[128]
Equipment[edit]
As of 2013, the typical infantry rifleman carries $14,000 worth of gear (excluding night-vision goggles), compared to $2,500 a decade earlier. The number of pieces of equipment (everything from radios to trucks) in a typical infantry battalion has also increased, from 3,400 pieces of gear in 2001 to 8,500 in 2013.[129]
Infantry weapons[edit]
The basic infantry weapon of the Marine Corps is the M4 Carbine, with a majority of non-infantry Marines equipped with the M16A4 service rifle. The M4 carbine[130] and Colt 9mm SMG[131] have also been issued. The standard side arm is the M9A1 pistol. The Colt M1911A1 is also being put back into service as the M45A1 Close Quarter Battle Pistol (CQBP) in small numbers. Suppressive fire is provided by the M27 IAR, M249 SAW, and M240 machine guns, at the squad and company levels respectively. In addition, indirect fire is provided by the M203 grenade launcher and the M32 grenade launcher in fireteams, M224 60 mm mortar in companies, and M252 81 mm mortar in battalions. The M2 .50 caliber heavy machine gun and MK19 automatic grenade launcher (40 mm) are available for use by dismounted infantry, though they are more commonly vehicle-mounted. Precision firepower is provided by the M40 series, and the Barrett M107, while designated marksmen use the DMR (being replaced by the M39 EMR), and the SAM-R.[132]
The Marine Corps utilizes a variety of direct-fire rockets and missiles to provide infantry with an offensive and defensive anti-armor capability. The SMAW and AT4 are unguided rockets that can destroy armor and fixed defenses (e.g., bunkers) at ranges up to 500 meters. The smaller and lighter M72 LAW can destroy targets at ranges up to 200 meters.[133][134] The Predator SRAW, FGM-148 Javelin and BGM-71 TOW are anti-tank guided missiles. The Javelin can utilize top-attack profiles to avoid heavy frontal armor. The Predator is a short-range fire-and-forget weapon; the Javelin and TOW are heavier missiles effective past 2,000 meters that give infantry an offensive capability against armor.[135]
The USMC is currently seeking to purchase commercial off-the-shelf bullet-trap or shoot-through rifle-grenades.[136] These grenades will provide individual Marines additional firepower and will allow indirect fire against targets in defilade, behind walls and buildings or rooftops and elevated positions at ranges between 30 and 150 meters.[136]
Ground vehicles[edit]
The Corps operates the same HMMWV and M1A1 Abrams tank as does the Army. However, for its specific needs, the Corps uses a number of unique vehicles. The LAV-25 is a dedicated wheeled armored personnel carrier, similar to the Army's Stryker vehicle, used to provide strategic mobility.[137] Amphibious capability is provided by the AAV-7A1 Assault Amphibious Vehicle, an armored tracked vehicle that doubles as an armored personnel carrier, due to be replaced by the Amphibious Combat Vehicle, a faster vehicle with superior armor and weaponry. The threat of land mines and improvised explosive devices in Iraq and Afghanistan has seen the Corps begin purchasing heavy armored vehicles that can better withstand the effects of these weapons as part of the Mine Resistant Ambush Protected vehicle program.[138] The Marine Corps has ordered 1,960 MRAP vehicles, hoping to use them to replace HMMWVs and some Medium Tactical Vehicle Replacements on patrols in Iraq.[139] The Logistics Vehicle System Replacement began replacing the Logistics Vehicle System in 2009.[140]
Prior to 2005, the Marines operated exclusively tube artillery – the M198 155 mm howitzer, now being replaced by the M777 155 mm howitzer. However, the Corps has expanded its artillery composition to include the High Mobility Artillery Rocket System (HIMARS), a truck-mounted rocket artillery system. Both are capable of firing guided munitions.[141]
Aircraft[edit]
Marine parachutists jumping from an MV-22 Osprey at 10,000 feet.
The organic aviation capability of the Marine Corps is essential to its amphibious mission. The Corps operates both rotary-wing and fixed-wing aircraft mainly to provide Assault Support and close air support to its ground forces. However, other aircraft types are also used in a variety of support and special-purpose roles.
The light transport and attack capabilities are provided by the Bell UH-1Y Venom and Bell AH-1 SuperCobra, which is being replaced by the Bell AH-1Z Viper.[142] Medium-lift squadrons flying the CH-46E Sea Knight and CH-53D Sea Stallion helicopters are converting to the MV-22 Osprey tiltrotor with superior range and speed. Heavy-lift squadrons are equipped with the CH-53E Super Stallion helicopter, eventually to be replaced with the upgraded CH-53K.[143]
Marine attack squadrons fly the AV-8B Harrier II; while the fighter/attack mission is handled by the single-seat and dual-seat versions of the F/A-18 Hornet strike-fighter aircraft. The AV-8B is a V/STOL aircraft that can operate from amphibious assault ships, land air bases and short, expeditionary airfields, while the F/A-18 can only be flown from land or aircraft carriers. Both are slated to be replaced by 340 of the STOVL B version of the F-35 Lightning II[144] and 80 of the carrier F-35C versions for deployment with Navy carrier air wings.[145][146][147][148]
In addition, the Corps operates its own organic aerial refueling and electronic warfare (EW) assets in the form of the KC-130 Hercules and EA-6B Prowler, respectively, however it also receives a large amount of support from the U.S. Air Force. The Hercules doubles as a ground refueler and tactical-airlift transport aircraft. The Prowler is one of the only two active tactical electronic warfare aircraft left in the United States inventory, and has been labeled a "national asset"; it is used along with the Navy's EA-18G Growlers to assist in any American combat action since the retirement of the Air Force's tactical EW aircraft.[149] The Marine Corps plans to retire the Prowlers by September 2016 and after that time EW capability will come from Marine Air-Ground Task Force Electronic Warfare, which is a strategy where every platform contributes and functions as a sensor, shooter and sharer.[150]
The Marines operate unmanned aerial vehicles: the RQ-7 Shadow and Scan Eagle for tactical reconnaissance.[151][152]
Marine Fighter Training Squadron 401 (VMFT-401), operates F-5E, F-5F and F-5N Tiger II aircraft in support of air combat adversary (aggressor) training. Marine Helicopter Squadron One (HMX-1) operates the VH-3D Sea King and VH-60N Whitehawk helicopters in the VIP transport role, most notably Marine One, but are due to be replaced. A single Marine Corps C-130 Hercules aircraft, "Fat Albert", is used to support the U.S. Navy's flight demonstration team, the "Blue Angels".
In April 2016 it was reported that the vast majority of USMC aircraft were not capable of flight. Official statistics confirm that, of 276 F/A-18 Hornet strike fighters in the Marine Corps inventory, only about 30% are ready to fly; and only 42 of 147 heavy-lift CH-53E Super Stallion helicopters are airworthy. Average monthly flight time per pilot has dropped from an average of between 25 and 30 hours in 2006 to just over 4 hours in 2016.[153]
Relationship with other services[edit]
In general, the Marine Corps shares many resources with the other branches of the United States Armed Forces. However, the Corps has consistently sought to maintain its own identity with regard to mission, funding, and assets, while utilizing support available from the larger branches. While the Marine Corps has far fewer installations both in the U.S. and worldwide than the other branches, many Army posts, Naval stations, and Air Force bases have a Marine presence. They also cross train with other countries.
United States Navy[edit]
The Marine Corps' counterpart under the Department of the Navy is the United States Navy. As a result, the Navy and Marine Corps have a close relationship, more so than with other branches of the military. Whitepapers and promotional literature have commonly used the phrase "Navy-Marine Corps Team",[154][155] or refer to "the Naval Service". Both the Chief of Naval Operations (CNO) and Commandant of the Marine Corps report directly to the Secretary of the Navy.
Operationally, the Marine Corps provides the Fleet Marine Forces for service with the Navy's fleets, including the forward-deployed Marine Expeditionary Units embarked aboard Navy amphibious warships. The Corps also contributes some Marine Aviation fixed-wing fighter/attack assets (aircraft squadrons and related aircraft maintenance augmentation units) as part of the Carrier Air Wings deployed aboard aircraft carriers. The Marine Corps Security Force Regiment provides infantry-based security battalions and Fleet Anti-terrorism Security Team companies to guard and defend high-priority and overseas Navy bases. Security for the Presidential Retreat located aboard the Naval Support Activity Thurmont, viz., Camp David is provided by the Marine infantry battalion stationed as part of the garrison aboard Marine Barracks Washington.
Cooperation between the two services includes the training and instruction of some future Marine Corps officers (most are trained and commissioned through Marine Corps OCS), all Marine Corps Naval Aviators (aircraft pilots) and Naval Flight Officers (airborne weapons and sensor system officers), and some Navy and Marine Corps enlisted personnel. The Corps receives a significant portion of its officers from the United States Naval Academy (USNA) and Naval Reserve Officers Training Corps (NROTC). USNA and NROTC staff and faculty includes Marine Corps instructors. Marine Corps aviators and flight officers are trained in the Naval Air Training Command (NATRACOM) and are designated, or winged as Naval Aviators or Naval Flight Officers. The Marine Corps provides flight instructors to the Naval Air Training Command as well as drill instructors to the Navy's Officer Candidate School. Many enlisted Marines, particularly those in the aviation maintenance specialties, are trained at Navy technical training centers. The Marine Corps also provides ground combat training support to various Navy field medical (Hospital Corpsmen), Naval Construction Force (Seabee), and Navy Expeditionary Warfare personnel, units, and commands.
Marine and sailor train with rifles in Iraq.
Training alongside each other is viewed as critical, as the Navy provides transport, logistical, and combat support to put Marine units into the fight, such as maritime prepositioning ships and naval gunfire support. Most Marine aviation assets ultimately derive from the Navy, with regard to acquisition, funding, and testing, and Navy aircraft carriers typically deploy with a Marine squadron alongside Navy squadrons. Marines do not recruit or train noncombatants such as chaplains or medical/dental personnel; naval personnel fill these roles. Some of these sailors, particularly Hospital Corpsmen and Religious Programs Specialists, generally wear Marine uniforms emblazoned with Navy insignia. Conversely, the Marine Corps is responsible for conducting land operations to support naval campaigns, including the seizure of naval bases. Both services operate a network security team in conjunction.
Marines and sailors share many naval traditions, especially terminology and customs. Marine Corps Medal of Honor recipients wear the Navy variant of this and other awards;[26] and with few exceptions, the awards and badges of the Navy and Marine Corps are identical. Much of testing for new Marine Corps aircraft is done at NAS Patuxent River. The Navy's Blue Angels flight demonstration team is staffed by both Navy and Marine officers and enlisted men, and includes a Marine C-130 Hercules aircraft.[26]
In 2007, the Marine Corps joined with the Navy and Coast Guard to adopt a new maritime strategy called A Cooperative Strategy for 21st Century Seapower that raises the notion of prevention of war to the same philosophical level as the conduct of war.[156] This new strategy charts a course for the Navy, Coast Guard and Marine Corps to work collectively with each other and international partners to prevent regional crises, man-made or natural, from occurring or reacting quickly should one occur to avoid negative impacts to the United States.
The Marines have reduced the requirement for large amphibious ships from 42 to a bare minimum of 33 ships; the fleet currently stands at 29 ships and is likely to shrink in the future.[157]
United States Army[edit]
The Marine Corps combat capabilities overlap with those of the United States Army, the latter having historically viewed the Corps as encroaching on the Army's capabilities and competing for funding, missions, and renown. The attitude dates back to the founding of the Continental Marines, when General George Washington refused to allow the initial Marine battalions to be drawn from among his Continental Army. Most significantly, in the aftermath of World War II, Army efforts to restructure the American defense establishment included the dissolution of the Corps and the folding of its capabilities into the other services. Leading this movement were such prominent Army officers as General Dwight D. Eisenhower and Army Chief of Staff George C. Marshall.[64] Nonetheless- during the Korean War, the Marines received the admiration of such Army officers as General Douglas MacArthur, and Major General Frank E. Lowe.[citation needed] More recently, with most of the 2000s spent in operations in Afghanistan and Iraq, Secretary of Defense Robert Gates voiced concerns that the Marines are becoming a "second Army".[31]
Doctrinally, the Marine Corps' focus is on being expeditionary and independent, and places emphasis on amphibious mobility and combined arms; these make it a much lighter force than many units of the Army. However, the Army maintains much larger and diverse combat arms (infantry, armor, artillery, special operations), ground transport, and logistics, while the Marines have a more diverse aviation arm (which constitutes a larger percentage of forces), and is usually organic to the MAGTF. Marines operate as expeditionary units and are completely amphibious. The Marine Corps focus is on standardized infantry units with the other arms in support roles, as the "Every Marine a rifleman" creed shows. This commitment to standardized units can be seen in the short-lived experiment of the Marine Raiders. Widely known as the first American special operations unit, created during World War II (February 1941[158]), was seen as controversial, due to the thought of ‘an elite unit, within an elite unit’ was not in the Marine Corps interest.[159] While the U.S. Army's 75th Ranger Regiment, also created in World War II (December 1941), enjoys high prestige to this day due to its continuous service. The Marine Corps, by the insistence of then Secretary of Defense Donald Rumsfeld,[160] were to create the present day successors to the Marine Raiders and join them to Special Operations Command starting with the establishment of MCSOCOM Detachment One in 2003.[97]
The Marines often leverage the Army's acquisition of ground equipment (as well as benefiting from Army research and development resources), training resources, and other support concepts. The majority of vehicles and weapons are shared with, modified, or inherited from Army programs.[citation needed]
Culturally, Marines and soldiers share most of the common U.S. military slang and terminology, but the Corps utilizes a large number of naval terms and traditions incompatible with army lifestyle, as well as their own unique vernacular. Many Marines regard their culture to have a deep warrior tradition, with the ethos that "Every Marine a rifleman" and emphasis on cross-training and combat readiness despite actual military occupation, be it infantry or otherwise. Doctrinally, Marines tend to decentralize and push leadership to lower ranks, while fostering initiative to a greater degree.[161]
United States Air Force[edit]
While some of Marine Corps Aviation assets ultimately derive from the Navy, a large amount of support is drawn from the United States Air Force. The Marine Corps makes extensive use of the USAF Air Mobility Command to airlift Marines and equipment, along with utilizing close air support from the Air Force. The Air Force may also attach TACP units to conventional marine ground forces to provide coordination for close air support.[162]
The Air Force traditionally provides the Joint Force Air Component Commander who controls "sorties for air defense, and long range interdiction and reconnaissance" while the MAGTF commander retains control of the Marines' organic aviation assets, however Marine Aviation missions not directly in the support of the MAGTF will be typically controlled by the JFACC.[163][164][165]
United States Coast Guard[edit]
The Marine Corps shares a sphere of operation with units of the United States Coast Guard, including operation of the Joint Maritime Training Center (JMTC) (previously known as the Special Missions Training Center (SMTC)), a joint Coast Guard, Navy, and Marine Corps training facility located on the Marine Corps Base Camp Lejeune in Camp Lejeune, North Carolina.
According to the Department of the Navy (from where the Marine Corps Receives its funding); for FY 2019, the Marine Corps received $27.6B in funding.[166]
Appropriation Summary – United States Marine Corps (in millions of dollars)[167]
Area
FY2018
FY2019
Military Personnel
13,279
13,891
Reserve Personnel
767
788
Medicare-Eligible Retiree Health Fund Contribution
866
831
Medicare-Eligible Retiree Health Fund Contribution, Reserves
77
74
Operation and Maintenance
6,951
6,826
Operation and Maintenance, Reserve
279
272
Procurement
2,065
2,858
Procurement of Ammunition, Navy/Marine Corps
792*
1,006*
Military Construction, Navy and Marine Corps
1,818*
2,543*
Total Appropriated
26,331
27,644
* not exact due to certain fields being combined with Navy Expenditures
In 2013, the USMC became the first American military branch to ever have a fully audited annual budget.[168]
See also[edit]
References[edit]
^"Marine Corps Decade Timeline | Marine Corps history". Marines.com. Retrieved 15 July 2014.
^ abc"Department of Defense (DoD) Releases Fiscal Year 2017 President's Budget Proposal". U.S. Department of Defense. 9 February 2016. Retrieved 11 February 2016.
^"World Air Forces 2018". Flightglobal: 17. Retrieved 13 June 2018.
^ https://www.cnbc.com/2018/04/10/marine-one-upgrade-next-presidential-helicopter-fleet-getting-closer-to-debut.html |accessdate=13 June 2018
^Lejeune, Major General John A (18 April 1925). "Marine Corps Order No. 4 (Series 1925)". Commandant of the Marine Corps. United States Marine Corps History Division. Archived from the original on 5 October 2010. Retrieved 2 February 2010.
^"Color Palette" (PDF). United States Marine Corps Brand Guide. 16 July 2009. Retrieved 7 August 2017.
^Loredo-Agostini, Sgt Heidi E. (30 July 2009). "Ready for the Corps: Marines recruit latest mascot from South Texas". Recruiting Station San Antonio. Castroville, Texas: United States Marine Corps. Archived from the original on 20 March 2011. Retrieved 22 December 2010.
^Dobbs, LCpl Chris (25 July 2008). "Marine Barracks' mascot, Chesty the XII, retires after more than 40 'dog years' of faithful service". Marine Barracks, Washington, D.C.: United States Marine Corps. Archived from the original on 16 May 2011. Retrieved 22 December 2010.
^"Marine Corps Ranks Enlisted". USMC Official Website. Retrieved 26 November 2017.
^"Marine Corps Order P1020.34G W/CH 1–5: Marine Corps Uniform Regulations, Chapter 4: Insignia and Regulations For Wear, Paragraph 4001. Branch of Service Insignia, Pages 4–7" (PDF). marines.mil. 31 March 2003. Retrieved 15 January 2018.
^ abcGen. Charles C. Krulak (1996). "Operational Maneuver from the Sea" (PDF). Headquarters Marine Corps.
^Hoffman, Colonel Jon T., USMC: A Complete HistoryMarine Corps Association, Quantico, VA, (2002), p. 57.
^John Pike. "Tactical Aviation Integration". globalsecurity.org. Retrieved 1 April 2015.
^"U.S. Marine Corps Decade Timeline".
^Hough, Col Frank O. (USMCR); Ludwig, Maj Verle E. (USMC), and Henry I. Shaw, Jr. "Part I, Chapter 2: Evolution of Modern Amphibious Warfare, 1920–1941". Pearl Harbor to Guadalcanal. History of U.S. Marine Corps Operations in World War II, Volume I. Historical Branch, HQMC, United States Marine Corps. Retrieved 2 June 2007.CS1 maint: Multiple names: authors list (link)
^Garand, George W. & Truman R. Strobridge (1971). "Part II, Chapter 1: The Development of FMFPac". Western Pacific Operations. History of U.S. Marine Corps Operation in World War II, Volume IV. Historical Branch, HQMC, United States Marine Corps. Retrieved 3 August 2008.
^Frank, Benis M & Henry I. Saw, Jr. (1968). "Part VI, Chapter 1: Amphibious Doctrine in World War II". Victory and Occupation. History of U.S. Marine Corps Operations in World War II, Volume V. Historical Branch, HQMC, United States Marine Corps. Retrieved 3 August 2008.
^The United States Coast Guard is smaller, about one-fifth the size of the U.S. Marine Corps, but it is part of United States Department of Homeland Security and does not normally operate under the DoD except during times of war or as directed by the U.S. president. The USMC is the largest marine corps force in the world and is larger than the armed forces of many significant powers; for example, the USMC is larger than the active duty Israel Defense Forces.
^"Israeli Defense Forces, CSIS" (PDF). 25 July 2006. p. 12.
^"United States Armed Force Strength Figures" (PDF). DOD. 31 January 2013. Archived from the original (PDF) on 5 February 2009.
^ abcdEstes, Kenneth W. (2000). The Marine Officer's Guide, 6th Edition. Naval Institute Press. ISBN 1-55750-567-5.
^Clinton, William J. (2000). "Remarks Celebrating the 200th Anniversary of the United States Marine Corps Band 10 July 1998". In Office of the Federal Register. Public Papers of the Presidents of the United States, William J. Clinton, 1998, Book 2: July 1 to December 31, 1998. Government Printing Office. p. 1217. ISBN 978-1-4034-4551-3. The Marine Band played at Thomas Jefferson's Inauguration in 1801 and hasn't missed a single one since. Jefferson was a violin player who loved music almost as much as he loved freedom. He named the band "The President's Own".
^Hearn, Chester G. (2007). Marines: An Illustrated History: the United States Marine Corps from 1775 to the 21st Century. Zenith Imprint. p. 180. ISBN 978-0-7603-3211-5.
^Keller, Scott (2004). Marine Pride: A Salute to America's Elite Fighting Force. Citadel Press. p. 56. ISBN 978-0-8065-2603-4.
^"The Role of Marines in Embassy Security".
^ abcdLawliss, Chuck (1988). The Marine Book: A Portrait of America's Military Elite. New York: Thames and Hudson.
^ abcWarren, James A. (2005). American Spartans: The U.S. Marines: A Combat History From Iwo Jima to Iraq. New York: Free Press, Simon & Schuster. ISBN 0-684-87284-6.
^Milks, Keith A. (8 May 2003). Ensuring 'Every Marine a Rifleman' is more than just a catch phrase. Marine Corps News. 22 MEU, USMC. Story ID # 20071230234422. Archived from the original on 24 December 2007.
^Lieutenant Colonel R.D. Heinl, Jr., USMC (1947). "Marines in WWII Historical Monograph: The Defense of Wake". Historical Section, Division of Public Information, Headquarters, USMC.CS1 maint: Multiple names: authors list (link)
^Lind, William S.; Wyly, Michael, Col. (1985). Maneuver Warfare Handbook. Boulder, Colorado: Westview Press. ISBN 0-86531-862-X.
^ abKevin Baron (12 August 2010). "Gates: Time has come to re-examine future of Marine Corps".
^Patrick, Capt Timothy (10 December 2010). "Marines return to their amphibious roots". II Marine Expeditionary Force. United States Marine Corps. Retrieved 22 December 2010.
^ abcdefChenoweth, H. Avery, Colonel, USMCR (Ret.); Nihart, Brooke, Colonel, USMC (Ret.) (2005). Semper fi: The Definitive Illustrated History of the U.S. Marines. New York: Main Street. ISBN 1-4027-3099-3.
^"Marine Corps Expeditionary Energy Office.". Marines.mil.
^U.S. Congress (11 July 1798). "An Act for Establishing and Organizing a Marine Corps".
^Captain John Barry (9 February 1798). "Muster Roll of Officers, Petty Officers, Seamen, and Marines, on the Frigate United States". Retrieved 16 May 2009.
^U.S. Congress (18 March 1794). "Act to provide a Naval Armament". NARA. Retrieved 16 May 2009.
^Richard Leiby, Terrorists by Another Name: The Barbary Pirates, The Washington Post, 15 October 2001
^ abcdeSimmons, Edwin H. (2003). The United States Marines: A History, Fourth Edition. Annapolis, Maryland: Naval Institute Press. ISBN 1-59114-790-5.
^U.S. Congress (30 June 1834). "An Act for the Better Organization of the United States Marine Corps". Archived from the original on 7 October 2010. Retrieved 3 August 2008.
^Moskin, J. Robert (1987). The U.S. Marine Corps Story. New York: McGraw-Hill.
^National Park Service
^Elliott, Daniel T. (2008). "Archaeological Reconnaissance at the Drudi Tract, Tybee Island, Chatham County, Georgia" (PDF). Savannah, Georgia: LAMAR Institute Publication Series. p. 9. Archived from the original (PDF) on 1 October 2011. Retrieved 7 October 2011.
^Hoffman, Colonel Jon T., USMC: A Complete HistoryMarine Corps Association, Quantico, VA, (2002), p. 92.
^Reference Branch (2016). "Marine Corps Casualties: 1775–2015". Frequently Requested. USMC History Division. Archived from the original on 26 April 2016. Retrieved 23 April 2016.
^Ellsworth, Harry Allanson (1934). One Hundred Eighty Landings of United States Marines 1800–1934. Washington, D.C.: History and Museums Division, HQ, USMC.
^"Report on Marine Corps Duplication of Effort between Army and Navy". U.S. Marine Corps. 17 December 1932.Contains a very detailed account of almost all the actions of the Continental Marines and USMC until 1932. It is available in scanned TIFF format from the archives of the Marine Corps University.
^Mitchell, John Ames (1918). "Teufel-Hunden". Life. 72: 759. Retrieved 7 October 2011.
^"History of Marine Corps Aviation – World War One". AcePilots.com. Archived from the original on 11 January 2006.
^Chad L. Williams, Torchbearers of Democracy: African American Soldiers in the World War I Era. Chapel Hill, North Carolina: University of North Carolina Press, 2010; pg. 6.
^Hewitt, Linda J. (1974). Women Marines in World War I (1974). United States Marine Corps History and Museums Division. Retrieved 31 December 2014.
^"Women Marines". Usmcpress.com. Retrieved 11 August 2015.
^Ballendorf, Dirk Anthony (1997). Pete Ellis: an amphibious warfare prophet, 1880–1923. Annapolis, Maryland: Naval Institute Press.
^Derrick Wright and Jim Laurier, Iwo Jima 1945: The Marines raise the flag on Mount Suribachi (2012)
^Chenoweth (2005), p. 270-71
^Smith Jr., Thomas W., "Rivalry at Normandy", National Review4 June 2004
^"Marines in World War II Commemorative Series". Marine Corps Historical Center. Archived from the original on 8 February 2008. Retrieved 17 January 2008.
^Owens, Ron (2004). Medal of honor: historical facts & figures. Turner Publishing Company. p. 110. ISBN 978-1-56311-995-8.
^Battle Orders – US Marine Corps Pacific Theater of Operations 1943–44, Gordon L Rottman, Osprey Publishing, p. 13 [1]
^Seabees with the Marines, U.S. Navy Seabee Museum Archives, Port Hueneme, CA 93043 [2]
^Rottman, Gordon L. (2002). U.S. Marine Corps World War II Order of Battle: Ground and Air units in the Pacific War, 1939–1945. Westport, Connecticut: Greenwood Press. p. 31. ISBN 978-0-31331-906-8.
^Warren, James A. (2007). American Spartans: The U.S. Marines: A Combat History from Iwo Jima to Iraq. New York: Simon und Schuster. p. 70. ISBN 978-1-4165-3297-2.
^Clancy, Tom (1996). Marine: A Guided Tour of a Marine Expeditionary Unit. Penguin Group US. p. 670. ISBN 978-1-4295-2009-6.
^ abcKrulak, Victor H. (1984). First To Fight: An Inside View of the U.S. Marine Corps. Annapolis, Maryland: Naval Institute Press. ISBN 0-87021-785-2. Chapter 7, The Marines' Push Button pp. 113–119.
^Fehrenbach, T. R. (1994). This Kind of War: The Classic Korean War History. Brassey ISBN 1-57488-259-7.
^"Fast Facts on the Korean War". History Division, U.S. Marine Corps. Archived from the original on 6 August 2007.
^Millet, Alan R. (1991). Semper Fidelis: The History of the United States Marine Corps. New York: Simon & Schuster. p. 605. ISBN 978-0-02-921596-8.
^Casualties: U.S. Navy and Marine Corps Archived 5 June 2007 at the Wayback Machine, United States Navy.
^Official Navy figures number the Marine deaths at 13,091. This source provides a number of 14,837. "U.S. Military Casualties in Southeast Asia". The Wall-USA. 31 March 1997. Archived from the original on 2 September 2006.
^"Casualties: U.S. Navy and Marine Corps Personnel Killed and Wounded in Wars, Conflicts, Terrorist Acts, and Other Hostile Incidents". Naval Historical Center, Department of the Navy. 7 August 2006. Archived from the original on 5 June 2007.
^"Marines Awarded the Medal of Honor". United States Marine Corps. Archived from the original on 6 August 2007.
^Simmons, 247. Roughly 800,000 Marines served in Vietnam, as opposed to 600,000 in World War II.
^"The preannounced landing of U.S. Marines was witnessed by millions of U.S. primetime television viewers" (PDF). United States Naval Aviation, 1910–1995. U.S. Navy. Archived from the original (PDF) on 2001-10-05. (PDF file, see "1992, 9 December" on p. 16)
^"Address to Congress". Whitehouse. Retrieved 3 August 2008.
^"Gates Announces Major Pentagon Priority Shifts". CNN. 9 April 2009. Retrieved 14 April 2009.
^Shanker, Thom (8 May 2010). "Gates Takes Aim at Pentagon Spending". The New York Times. Retrieved 9 May 2010.
^Jaffe, Greg (9 May 2010). "Gates: Cuts in Pentagon bureaucracy needed to help maintain military force". The Washington Post. Retrieved 9 May 2010.
^Smith, Rich (13 November 2010). "Marines Under Fire From Pentagon Cuts". Money Times. Archived from the original on 28 April 2011. Retrieved 14 November 2010.
^"Amos: America Needs a Robust Crisis Response Force". Defense One. Retrieved 1 April 2015.
^"Gen. Amos: 174,000 force would mean 11 fewer battalions, 14 fewer squadrons". Military Times. Retrieved 1 April 2015.
^"War Against Terror Will Involve Amorphous Front Lines". CNN. 1 October 2001. Retrieved 27 April 2007.
^"Marines land in Afghanistan". International Herald Tribune. Archived from the original on 22 May 2008. Retrieved 3 August 2008.
^"Marines launch attack on Taliban in Helmand". The Telegraph. 29 April 2008. Retrieved 13 December 2010.
^"7,000 Marines Join Fight in Afghanistan". Camp Leatherhead (sic): CBS News. Associated Press. 8 June 2009. Retrieved 3 November 2009.
^Gal Perl Finkel, Back to the ground?, Israel Hayom, 8 November 2015.
^West, Bing; General Ray L. Smith (September 2003). The March Up: Taking Baghdad with the 1st Marine Division. New York: Bantam Books. p. 17. ISBN 0-553-80376-X.
^West, Bing (October 2005). No True Glory: A Frontline Account of the Battle for Fallujah. New York: Bantam Dell. pp. 111–113. ISBN 978-0-553-80402-7.
^"Marines face charges in Haditha killings". CNN. Archived from the original on 24 January 2007. Retrieved 27 April 2007.
^White, Josh; Geis, Sonya (22 June 2006). "8 Troops Charged in Death of Iraqi". CNN. Retrieved 3 August 2008.
^"Fact Sheet – CJTF-HOA". Combined Joint Task Force – Horn of Africa. Archived from the original on 3 January 2008. Retrieved 3 August 2008.
^"USMC.mil – 26th MEU in HOA". United States Marine Corps. Archived from the original on 10 December 2007. Retrieved 3 August 2008.
^United States Marine Corps (2007). Marine Corps Operations. Cosimo, Inc. p. 19. ISBN 978-1-60206-062-3.
^Williams, BGen Willie J. (October 2004). "Bases and Stations Are They Relevant?". Marine Corps Gazette. Marine Corps Association. 88 (10): 12–16.
^"About MCB Quantico". Archived from the original on 28 April 2011.
^"About Marine Corps University". U.S. Marine Corps. Archived from the original on 27 September 2007. Retrieved 27 September 2007.
^Smith, Jr., W Thomas (2005). "Marines, Navy SEALs Forge New Special Operations Team; An exclusive interview with U.S. Navy SEAL Commander Mark Divine". Military.com. Retrieved 3 August 2008.
^ abPriddy, Maj. Wade (2006). "Marine Detachment 1: Opening the door for a Marine force contribution to USSOCom". Marine Corps Gazette. Marine Corps Association. 90 (6): 58–59.
^Graham, Bradley (2 November 2005). "Elite Marine Unit to Help Fight Terrorism, Force to Be Part of Special Operations". The Washington Post. Retrieved 3 August 2008.
^Estes (1986), p. 60
^"Marines.mil – Leaders". marines.mil.
^"Dunford Replaces Amos as New Marine Corps Commandant". Military.com. Retrieved 1 April 2015.
^"Women Marines Association". Retrieved 29 July 2017.
^Tatum, Sophie. "Military welcomes first women infantry Marines". CNN. Retrieved 29 July 2017.
^"Marines Release First-Ever Ad Spotlighting Woman in Combat Position". NPR. Retrieved 29 July 2017.
^"Female Marines Tackle What They Call A Corps' 'Culture of Sexism'". NPR. Retrieved 29 July 2017.
^"DoD Defense Insignia".
^Clancy, Tom (1996). Marine: a guided tour of a Marine expeditionary unit. Pinguin. p. 46. ISBN 978-0-425-15454-0.
^Bernard L. DeKoning, ed. (2006). Recruit Medicine: Textbooks of Military Medicine. Government Printing Office. p. 33. ISBN 978-0-16-076718-0.
^Ricks, Thomas E. (2007). Making the Corps: 10th Anniversary Edition with a New Afterword by the Author (10 ed.). Simon und Schuster. p. 239. ISBN 978-1-4165-4450-0.
^ abc"Mco p1020.34g". United States Marine Corps. Archived from the original on 8 October 2009. Retrieved 27 November 2005.
^ALMAR 007/08 directing seasonal uniform changes
^"USMC Customs and Traditions". History Division, U.S. Marine Corps. Archived from the original on 4 March 2007.
^"U.S. Marine Corps Emblem". U.S. Marine Corps. Archived from the original on 7 January 2008.
^"Marine Corps Emblem and Seal". Customs and Traditions. Reference Branch, History Division, United States Marine Corps. Archived from the original on 19 February 2007. Retrieved 11 October 2008.
^"Marine Corps Birthday Celebration". USMC History Division. Archived from the original on 6 August 2007.
^"Drill a Platoon Sized Unit". Student Handout. Marine Corps University. Archived from the original on 10 July 2007.
^"Don't call a Marine a soldier or sailor". The News-Times. Danbury, CT. 25 September 2005. Retrieved 26 May 2017.
^"Marine Corps History, Customs, and Courtesies". U.S. Marine Guidebook. United states Marine Corps. 2010. p. 37. ISBN 978-1-60239-941-9. Marines fought like teufel hunden, legendary wild, devil dogs that at one time roamed the forests of northern Germany
^Myers, Thomas (1988). "Hearts of Darkness". Walking Point: American Narratives of Vietnam. Oxford University Press, USA. p. 114. ISBN 978-0-19-505351-7. He reminds his charges that "at Belleau Wood the Marines were so vicious that the German infantrymen called them Teufel-Hunden – 'devil dogs'
^Waseleski, Michael (2009). To Lead by the Unknowing, to Do the Unthinkable. AuthorHouse. p. 5. ISBN 978-1-4389-5676-3. the 5th and 6th Marine Regiments earned the nickname of "Teufel Hunden" (devil dog) by the Germans in World War I during the 1918 Château-Thierry campaign near the French village of Bouresches, the Battle of Belleau Wood
^Rottman, Gordon (2011). "GI and Gyrene Jargon US Army and Marine Corps Slang". FUBAR F***ed Up Beyond All Recognition: Soldier Slang of World War II. Osprey Publishing. p. 49. ISBN 978-1-84908-653-0. based on Chinese pronunciation of Marine
^"Marine Corps History, Customs, and Courtesies". U.S. Marine Guidebook. United states Mari ne Corps. 2010. p. 37. ISBN 978-1-60239-941-9. In 1804 the Secretary of the Navy ordered Marines to wear black leather stock collars when on duty
^Rottman, Gordon (2011). "GI and Gyrene Jargon US Army and Marine Corps Slang". FUBAR F***ed Up Beyond All Recognition: Soldier Slang of World War II. Osprey Publishing. p. 51. ISBN 978-1-84908-653-0. Most likely it was the pillbox cap and high stiff collar making a Marine appear similar to a Mason jar
^Hiresman III, LCpl. Paul W. "The meaning of 'Oorah' traced back to its roots". Marine Corps News. United States Marine Corps. Archived from the original on 24 December 2007.
^Santamaria, Jason A.; Vincent Martino; Eric K. Clemons (2005). The Marine Corps Way: Using Maneuver Warfare to Lead a Winning Organization. McGraw-Hill Professional. p. 149. ISBN 978-0-07-145883-2. Long before Hollywood popularized it, Marines used the phrase to reflect their preference for being a fluid, loosely reined force that could spontaneously react to rapidly changing situations, rather than a rigid outfit that moved in a specific direction with a precise plan.
^Freedman, David H. (2000). Corps Business: The 30 Management Principles of the U.S. Marines. New York: Collins.
^Yi, Capt. Jamison, USMC. "MCMAP and the Warrior Ethos", Military ReviewNovember–December 2004.
^Franck, Loren (2003). "The Few and the Proud: A Tradition of Excellence Fuels the US Marine Corps Martial Arts Program". Black Belt. 41 (7): 70.
^Corps to Industry: Prepare for the Worst – DoDBuzz.com, 26 September 2013
^"Top Marine Glad to Have M16A4 Standard". Kit Up!. Military.com. 25 March 2010. Retrieved 27 April 2010.
^"NAVMC DIRECTIVE 3500.90: MARINE CORPS SECURITY GUARD BATTALION TRAINING AND READINESS MANUAL, (SHORT TITLE: MSGBN T&R MANUAL)" (PDF). Headquarters Marine Corps. 4 April 2006. Archived from the original (PDF) on 10 January 2009. Retrieved 11 June 2014.
^"M40A1 Sniper Rifle". USMC Fact File. U.S. Marine corps. Archived from the original on 25 February 2007.
^John Antal "Packing a Punch: America's Man-Portable Antitank Weapons" page 88 Military Technology 3/2010 ISSN 0722-3226
^"Light Assault Weapon (LAW)". FBO.gov.
^"Tube Launched, Optically Tracked, Wire Guided (TOW) Missile Weapon System". USMC Fact File. U.S. Marine Corps. Archived from the original on 11 February 2007.
^ ab13-Ammunition and Explosives – M6785412I1003 (Archived) – Federal Business Opportunities: Opportunities. Fbo.gov (9 November 2011).
^"Light Armored Vehicle-25 (LAV-25)". USMC Fact File. U.S. Marine Corps. Archived from the original on 28 April 2003.
^"U.S. Marine Corps Orders More Force Protection Vehicles". Force Protection, Inc. – In the News. Force Protection, Inc. August 2006. Archived from the original on 3 May 2009. Retrieved 3 January 2007.
^Andrew Feickert (21 August 2007). "Mine-Resistant, Ambush-Protected (MRAP) Vehicles: Background and Issues for Congress" (PDF). United States Congress.
^Lamothe, Dan (22 October 2009). "First LVSR truck arrives in Afghanistan". Marine Corps Times. Archived from the original on 28 April 2011. Retrieved 23 October 2009.
^Lewis, Maj. J Christopher (July 2006). "The Future Artillery Force...Today". Marine Corps Gazette. Marine Corps Association (July 2006): 24–25.
^"AH-1W Super Cobra Helicopter". USMC Fact File. U.S. Marine Corps. Archived from the original on 5 February 2007. Retrieved 3 August 2008.
^"Marine Corps Rotary Wing". Federation of American Scientists.
^"F-35 Joint Strike Fighter Program". Department of Defense. Retrieved 3 August 2008.
^Daniel, Lisa (14 March 2011). "Plan Improves Navy, Marine Corps Air Capabilities". American Forces Press Service. United States Department of Defense. Archived from the original on 29 May 2011. Retrieved 23 March 2011.
^Cavas, Christopher P. (14 March 2011). "More Marines to fly carrier-variant JSFs". Marine Corps Times. Archived from the original on 28 April 2011. Retrieved 23 March 2011.
^Cifuentes, Michael S. (14 March 2011). "Marine Corps continues flying with Joint Strike Fighter program". Headquarters Marine Corps. Archived from the original on 1 March 2013. Retrieved 11 June 2014.
^"U.S. Marine Corps Received Its First F-35C Lightning II Carrier Variant". 29 January 2015.
^"EA-6B Prowler". USMC Fact File. U.S. Marine corps. Archived from the original on 23 October 2006. Retrieved 3 August 2008.
^Prowler "Final Four" perform division flight Marine Corps, 2 March 2016
^Talton, Trista. "U.S. Marines' Shadow UAV Sees First Combat". Defensenews.com. Archived from the original on 31 July 2012. Retrieved 3 August 2008.
^"Budget Cuts Leaving Marine Corps Aircraft Grounded". Military.com. 15 April 2016.
^Clark, Adm. Vern; Hinton, Don (October 2002). "Sea Power 21". Proceedings. Naval Institute Press. 130 (October 2002): 3005. doi:10.1090/S0002-9939-02-06392-X. Archived from the original on 3 March 2007. Retrieved 28 July 2006.
^ Lt. Col. James Kuhn (2 November 2005). Enduring Freedom (Film). Department of the Navy. Archived from the original on 24 July 2006.
^Jim Garamone (17 October 2007). "Sea Services Unveil New Maritime Strategy". Navy News Service. Retrieved 3 August 2008.
^Erwin, Sandra. "Marines Worry About Future Shortage of Navy Ships." Archived 23 May 2011 at the Wayback Machine National Defense Magazine19 April 2011.
^Fred Pushies (3 December 2012). "Marine Corps Special Operations: A Brief History".
^Rottman, Gordon L. Rottman (2006). "Raider Units". US Special Warfare Units in the Pacific Theater 1941–45: Scouts, Raiders, Rangers and Reconnaissance Units. Osprey Publishing.
^Bradley Graham (3 November 2005). "Elite Marine Unit to Help Fight Terrorism".
^Connable, Maj Ben (2008). "Culture Warriors: Marine Corps Organizational Culture and Adaptation to Cultural Terrain" (PDF). Small Wars Journal. Small Wars Foundation. Archived from the original (PDF) on 7 February 2010.
^"U.S. Air Force – Career Detail – Tactical Air Control Party Specialist (TACP)". airforce.com.
^"Purpose of JFACC (archived)". Archived from the original on 19 November 2005. Retrieved 28 January 2010.CS1 maint: BOT: original-url status unknown (link). U.S. Air Force
^United States Marine Corps (2005). Expeditionary Operations (Marine Corps Doctrinal Publication 3). Willside Press LLC. p. 83. ISBN 978-1-55742-371-9.
^"Archived copy" (PDF). Archived from the original (PDF) on 22 December 2014. Retrieved 18 December 2014.CS1 maint: Archived copy as title (link)
^"Highlights of the Department of the Navy FY 2019 Budget" (PDF). 23 May 2017.
^Sisk, Richard (7 February 2014). "Corps Becomes First Service to Pass Audit". dodbuzz.com. Military Advantage, A Monster Company. Retrieved 7 February 2014.
Further reading[edit]
External links[edit]
This audio file was created from a revision of the article "United States Marine Corps" dated 17 April 2007, and does not reflect subsequent edits to the article. (Audio help)
Play ( help · info ) 
Die Flagge des United States Marine Corps von 1914 bis 1939. 
Không có nhận xét nào:
Đăng nhận xét