Akron () ist der fünftgrößte Stadt im US-Bundesstaat Ohio und ist die Kreisstadt des Summit County. Es liegt am westlichen Rand des Glaciated Allegheny Plateau, etwa 48 km südlich von Cleveland. Bei der Volkszählung von 2017 hatte die Stadt 197.846 Einwohner und war damit die 119.größte Stadt in den Vereinigten Staaten. Die Region Greater Akron, die die Grafschaften Summit und Portage umfasste, hatte eine geschätzte Bevölkerung von 703.505. [2]
Die Stadt wurde 1825 von Simon Perkins und Paul Williams am Little Cuyahoga River am Gipfel des sich entwickelnden Ohio und des Erie Canal gegründet. Der Name leitet sich vom griechischen Wort ab, das einen Gipfel oder einen Höhepunkt bedeutet. Es wurde kurz nach South Akron umbenannt, nachdem Eliakim Crosby 1833 das nahegelegene North Akron gegründet hatte, bis sich beide 1836 in ein Dorf eingemeindeten. In den 1910er Jahren verdoppelte Akron die Bevölkerung und war damit die am schnellsten wachsende Stadt der Nation.
Eine lange Geschichte der Gummi- und Reifenherstellung, die heute von Goodyear Tire fortgeführt wird, gab Akron den Spitznamen "Rubber Capital of the World". Es war einst als Zentrum der Luftschiffentwicklung bekannt. [5][6] Heute umfasst seine Wirtschaft die Bereiche Fertigung, Bildung, Gesundheitswesen und biomedizinische Forschung. Führende Unternehmen sind Gojo Industries, FirstEnergy, Huntington Bank und Charter Spectrum.
Zu den bemerkenswerten historischen Ereignissen in Akron gehört die Verabschiedung des Akron-Schulgesetzes von 1847, durch das das K-12-System geschaffen wurde. die Popularisierung des kirchlichen architektonischen Akron-Plans, das Akron-Experiment zur Vorbeugung von Kropf mit jodiertem Salz, der Fall des Obersten Gerichts von 1983 Stadt Akron gegen Akron Center for Reproductive Health und Teile der Gay Games 2014.
Eine rassisch vielfältige Stadt, in der 1851 Rassenbeziehungsreden von Sojourner Truth gesehen wurden - The Ain't I A Woman? Rede; W. E. B. Du Bois im Jahre 1920 [7]; und Präsident Bill Clinton im Jahr 1997. 19659086] 1914 gründete Marcus Garvey in Akron die Universal Negro Improvement Association. [7][9] Zu den Episoden der großen Unruhen in Akron zählten der Aufstand von 1900, der Kautschukstreik von 1936 und die Wooster Avenue Unruhen von 1968.
Geschichte [ edit ]
Ursprünglicher Stadtgrundriss von Akron
Im Jahr 1811 ließ sich Paul Williams in der Nähe der heutigen Buchtel Avenue und des Broadway nieder. Er schlug General Simon Perkins, Vermessungsingenieur des Connecticut Western Reserve der Connecticut Land Company, vor, eine Stadt am Gipfel des sich entwickelnden Ohio und des Erie Canal zu gründen. Der Name wurde aus dem griechischen Wort ἄκρον ( ákron ) übernommen und bedeutet Gipfel oder . [10] Es wurde angelegt im Dezember 1825, wo sich heute der südliche Teil der Innenstadt von Akron befindet. Irische Arbeiter, die am Ohio Canal arbeiten, bauten in der Nähe etwa 100 Hütten.
Nachdem Eliakim Crosby 1833 "North Akron" (auch bekannt als Cascade) im nördlichen Teil der heutigen Innenstadt von Akron gegründet hatte, wurde Akron mit "South" erst drei Jahre später, als die beiden zusammengelegt wurden, hinzugefügt wurde 1836 zu einem eingemeindeten Dorf. [11] Im Jahr 1840 bildete sich Summit County aus Teilen von Portage, Medina und Stark Counties. Akron ersetzte Cuyahoga Falls ein Jahr später als Kreisstadt und eröffnete einen Kanal, der eine Verbindung zu Beaver, Pennsylvania, herstellte, und half dabei, Steinzeug, Abwasserrohre, Angelgeräte und landwirtschaftliche Ausrüstungsindustrie zur Welt zu bringen. [5][6] Im Jahr 1844 zog der Abolitionist John Brown ein das John Brown House gegenüber vom Geschäftspartner Oberst Simon Perkins, der in der Perkins Stone Mansion lebte. Das Akron School Law von 1847 gründete die öffentlichen Schulen der Stadt und gründete das Schulsystem K-12 [12] das derzeit in jedem US-Bundesstaat verwendet wird. Die erste Schule der Stadt ist jetzt ein Museum in der Broadway Street nahe der Ecke Exchange.
1850er Jahre - 1890er Jahre: Summit City [ edit ]
Als die Ohio Women's Rights Convention 1851 zu Akron kam, hielt Sojourner Truth ihre Rede unter dem Titel "Ain't IA Woman?" ", in der Universalist Old Stone Church. 1870 gründete ein mit der Kirche verbundener Geschäftsmann John R. Buchtel das Buchtel College, das 1913 zur University of Akron wurde.
Ferdinand Schumacher kaufte 1856 eine Mühle, und im folgenden Jahrzehnt wurden während des amerikanischen Bürgerkriegs Haferriegel für die Unionsarmee in Großserie hergestellt; Diese verkauften sich nach dem Krieg weiterhin gut. Akron wurde 1865 als Stadt gegründet. [13] Der Philanthrop Lewis Miller, Walter Blythe, und der Architekt Jacob Snyder entwarfen den weit verbreiteten Akron-Plan und debütierten 1872 in Akrons First Methodist Episcopal Church. [14] Zahlreiche Kongregation, Baptist und Presbyterian Kirchen, die zwischen den 1870er Jahren und dem Ersten Weltkrieg gebaut wurden, verwenden sie. [15][16] Ein lokaler Journalist gründete 1883 die moderne Spielzeugindustrie mit der Gründung der Akron Toy Company. Ein Jahr später war das erste beliebte Spielzeug die von Samuel C. Dyke in seinem Geschäft, in dem sich Lock 3 Park befindet, in Massenproduktion gebrachte Tonmurmeln. Weitere beliebte Erfindungen sind Gummiballons, Enten, Puppen, Bälle, Baby-Buggy-Stoßfänger und kleine braune Krüge. 1895 wurde die erste elektrische Fernbahn, die Akron, Bedford und die Cleveland Railroad, in Betrieb genommen. [17] Am 25. August 1889 verwies der Boston Daily Globe auf Akron mit dem Spitznamen "Summit City" (19659105) Bei der örtlichen Polizei setzte die Stadt das erste Polizeiauto in den USA ein, das mit Elektrizität fuhr. [19]
1900er Jahre - 1990er Jahre: Kautschukhauptstadt der Welt [ edit ]
The Riot of 1900 Er sah Angriffe auf Stadtbeamte, zwei Tote und die Zerstörung der Columbia Hall und der Downtown Fire Station (jetzt das City Building seit 1925) durch Feuer. [20] Die amerikanische Lkw-Industrie wurde durch Akrons Rubber Capital der Weltära geboren Die vier großen Reifenhersteller Goodrich Corporation (1869), Goodyear Tire & Rubber Company (1898), Firestone Tire & Rubber Company (1900), [21] und General Tire (1915) [22][23] hatten ihren Sitz in der Stadt. Die zahlreichen Arbeitsplätze, die die Gummifabriken für Gehörlose bereitstellten, führten dazu, dass Akron "Kreuzung der Gehörlosen" genannt wurde. [24] Am Ostersonntag 1913 fielen 9,55 Zoll Regen, der Überschwemmungen verursachte, die fünf Menschen töteten und den Ohio und den Erie-Kanal zerstörten System. Von 1916 bis 1920 nahmen 10.000 Schülerinnen an dem erfolgreichen Akron-Experiment teil und testeten jodiertes Salz, um Kropf im sogenannten "Goiter Belt" zu verhindern. [25] Das Akron & National Marble Tournament wurde 1923 von Roy W. Howard ins Leben gerufen Er gehörte dem Akron District Marbles Tournament und dem Akron Beacon Journal, bevor es in den 1960er Jahren endgültig endete.
Die Kautschukunternehmen reagierten auf Krisen im Wohnraum mit dem Bau bezahlbarer Wohnungen für Arbeiter. Der Präsident von Goodyear, F. A. Seiberling, baute die Nachbarschaft von Goodyear Heights für Mitarbeiter. In ähnlicher Weise baute Harvey Firestone das Viertel Firestone Park für seine Mitarbeiter. [26] In den Jahren 1910–1920 wurde Akron zu einer Boomtown, Amerikas am schnellsten wachsenden Stadt mit einem Bevölkerungswachstum von 201,8%. Von den 208.000 Einwohnern waren fast ein Drittel Einwanderer (auch Clark Gable) [27] und ihre Kinder aus Ländern wie Europa und West Virginia. In den Jahren 1929 und 1931 stellte die Goodyear-Zeppelin-Tochtergesellschaft von Goodyear zwei Luftschiffe für die US-Marine her: USS Akron (ZRS-4) und USS Macon (ZRS-5). Goodyear baute während des Zweiten Weltkriegs und später zu Werbezwecken eine Reihe von Luftschiffen für die Marine. [28][29][30] Akron wuchs erneut, als Kenmore am 6. November 1928 durch die Zustimmung der Wähler annektiert wurde. Er fand sich in einem seiner Verstecke in der Stadt unter einem Bett versteckt. Der berüchtigte Bankräuber Charles Arthur "Pretty Boy" Floyd wurde im März 1930 unter dem Namen "Frank Mitchell" verhaftet. [31] Goodyear wurde Amerikas führender Reifenhersteller, nachdem er 1935 mit der Kelly-Springfield Tire Company fusioniert hatte. [32] Fünf Wochen lang Der Akron Rubber Strike von 1936 setzte sich aus rund 5.000 Streikenden zusammen, darunter Gewerkschafts-Sympathisanten aus anderen Fabriken und Nachbarstaaten. Er setzte erfolgreich die von den United Rubber Workern organisierte "Sit-down" -Taktik ein. [33] In den fünfziger und sechziger Jahren des letzten Jahrhunderts kam Akron zum Einsatz des Autos tat. Die historische Rubber Bowl wurde 1968 von der amerikanischen Nationalgarde als Stützpunkt der Wooster Avenue Riots genutzt. Wie in vielen anderen Industrien des Rust Belt gab es sowohl in der Reifen- als auch in der Gummiindustrie einen erheblichen Rückgang. In den frühen 1990er Jahren war Goodyear der letzte große Reifenhersteller mit Sitz in Akron.
2000er Jahre: Stadt der Erfindung [ edit ]
Campus der Universität Akron
Obwohl die Zahl der Kautschukarbeiter zwischen 2000 und 2007 um etwa die Hälfte zurückging, gewann Akrons Forschung in Polymeren ein internationaler Ruf. [34] Mittlerweile befindet sich das Polymer Valley im Zentrum von 400 Unternehmen, von denen sich 94 in der Stadt selbst befanden. [35] Die Forschung konzentriert sich auf die Universität von Akron, die Heimat des Goodyear Polymer Center und das National Polymer Innovation Center sowie das College of Polymer Science und Polymer Engineering. Aufgrund seiner Beiträge zum Informationszeitalter wurde 1945 von Newsweek der fünfte von zehn High-Tech-Häfen von Newsweek aufgeführt. [35] Im Jahr 2008 wurde "City of Invention" mit dem All-America-City-Award dem Siegel hinzugefügt wurde zum dritten Mal erhalten. Bei einigen Veranstaltungen der Gay Games 2014 wurde die Stadt als Veranstaltungsort genutzt. Im Jahr 2013 eröffnete die Goodyear Tire & Rubber Company ihren neuen globalen Hauptsitz auf dem Innovation Way, um die Beziehung des Unternehmens mit der Stadt weiter zu festigen [3].
Die Stadt beschäftigt sich auch weiterhin mit den Auswirkungen der Luft- und Bodenverschmutzung aus ihrer industriellen Vergangenheit. Im südwestlichen Teil der Stadt wurde der Boden kontaminiert und schädliche PCB-beladene Dämpfe wurden durch einen elektrischen Transformator-Dekonstruktionsvorgang in die Luft gebracht, der in den 1930er bis 1960er Jahren existierte. Die Bereinigung des von der Environmental Protection Agency als Superfund-Standort ausgewiesenen Standortes begann 1987 und wurde im Jahr 2000 abgeschlossen. Das Gebiet bleibt durch regelmäßige Überprüfungen des Standorts und seines unterirdischen Grundwasserleiters eingeschränkt. [36][37][38]
Geography [ edit ]
Akron liegt in der Region der Großen Seen, etwa 63 km südlich des Eriesees, auf dem Gletschernischen Allegheny-Plateau. Es wird im Norden von Cuyahoga Falls und im Südwesten von Barberton begrenzt. Es ist das Zentrum des statistischen Stadtgebiets von Akron, das die Grafschaften Summit und Portage sowie das größere statistische Gebiet Cleveland-Akron-Elyria umfasst. Am westlichen Ende des Plateaus gelegen, umfasst die Topographie von Akron sanfte Hügel und abwechslungsreiches Gelände. Der Ohio und Erie Canal passieren die Stadt und trennen den Osten vom Westen. Akron besitzt die einzige Biogasanlage [39] in den Vereinigten Staaten, in der durch die Zersetzung von Schlamm zur Erzeugung von Elektrizität Methan erzeugt wird. [40] Laut der Volkszählung von 2010 hat die Stadt eine Gesamtfläche von 62,37 Quadratmeilen (161,5 km) ] 2 ), davon 62,03 Quadratmeilen (160,7 km 2 ) (oder 99,45%) sind Land und 0,34 Quadratmeilen (0,88 km 2 ) (oder 0,55%) ist Wasser. [41]
Klima [ edit ]
Akron hat ein feuchtes kontinentales Klima (Köppen Dfa ), typisch für den Mittleren Westen, mit vier verschiedenen Jahreszeiten und liegt in der USDA-Zone 6b, die in Zone 6a in den Außenbezirken abfällt. [42] Die Winter sind kalt und trocken, bringen jedoch gewöhnlich Regen, Schneeregen und Schnee mit gelegentlich starkem Schneefall und Vereisung mit sich. Januar ist der kälteste Monat mit einer durchschnittlichen Durchschnittstemperatur von –3,3 ° C (26,1 ° F), [43] wobei die Durchschnittstemperaturen an 3,8 Tagen auf -18 ° C oder darunter fallen und bei oder unter dem Gefrierpunkt bleiben an 41 Tagen pro Jahr. [43] Durchschnittlich 121,5 cm (121 cm) Schnee pro Saison, deutlich weniger als die Schneegürtelgebiete am Eriesee. [43] Der schneereichste Monat im Januar 1978 war 95,5 cm (37,5 Zoll). während der Schneefall im Winter 1977/78 von 208 cm (208 cm) bis 1949-50 von 46 cm (46,2 cm) reichte. [43] Quellen sehen im Allgemeinen einen Übergang zu weniger Wettersystemen, die stärkere Regenfälle verursachen. Die Sommer sind normalerweise sehr warm und feucht mit Temperaturen an oder über 8 ° C (8 ° C) an durchschnittlich 8 Tagen pro Jahr; Die jährliche Zählung betrug 1931 36 Tage, während das letzte Jahr 2004 diese Marke nicht erreicht hat. [43] Der Juli ist der wärmste Monat mit einer durchschnittlichen Durchschnittstemperatur von 22 ° C (72.0 ° F). 19659143] Der Herbst ist relativ trocken mit vielen klaren, warmen Tagen und kühlen Nächten.
Am 8. August 1918 wurde der Rekordhochtemperaturwert in Akron von 104 ° F (40 ° C) aufgestellt und der Rekordtiefwert von -25 ° F (-32 ° C) eingestellt am 19. Januar 1994. [43] Der erste und der letzte Frost der Saison fallen im Durchschnitt am 18. Oktober bzw. 26. April und erlauben eine Vegetationsperiode von 174 Tagen. [43] Die durchschnittliche jährliche Durchschnittstemperatur beträgt 49,8 ° F ( 9,9 ° C). [43] Normaler jährlicher Niederschlag, bezogen auf den 30-jährigen Durchschnitt von 1981–2010, beträgt 1.006 mm (39.62 Zoll) und fällt im Durchschnitt auf 158 Tage. [43] Der monatliche Niederschlag lag zwischen 12.55 Zoll (319 mm) ) im Juli 2003 bis 5,1 mm im September 1960, während der jährliche Niederschlag für Jahresniederschläge bei 65,70 (1,669 mm) im Jahr 1990 bis 23,79 in (604 mm) im Jahr 1963 lag. [43]
Klimadaten für Akron, Ohio (Akron-Canton Airport), 1981–2010 Normalen, Extreme 1887 – heute
Monat
Jan
Feb.
April
Mai
Jun
Jul
Aug
Sep
Nov
Dez
Jahr
Aufzeichnung hoch ° F (° C)
73 (23)
76 (24)
83 (28)
89 (32)
94 (34)
100 (38)
102 (39)
104 (40)
99 (37)
89 (32)
80 (27)
76 (24)
104 (40)
Mittleres Maximum ° F (° C)
56.1 (13.4)
59.1 (15.1)
72.1 (22.3)
80,1 (26.7)
84.2 (29.0)
89.9 (32.2)
91.1 (32.8)
90.1 (32.3)
86,0 (30,0)
77.8 (25.4)
68.8 (20.4)
58.3 (14.6)
92.3 (33.5)
Durchschnittlich hohe ° F (° C)
33.1 (0.6)
36.7 (2.6)
46.6 (8.1)
59.6 (15.3)
69.3 (20.7)
78.0 (25.6)
82.0 (27.8)
80.3 (26.8)
73.0 (22.8)
61.0 (16.1)
49.2 (9.6)
37,0 (2.8)
58,8 (14.9)
Durchschnittlich niedriger ° F (° C)
19.1 (- 7.2)
21.3 (- 5.9)
28.5 (- 1.9)
38.8 (3.8)
48.5 (9.2)
57.7 (14.3)
61.9 (16.6)
60.6 (15.9)
53.3 (11.8)
42.5 (5.8)
33.9 (1.1)
23.9 (- 4.5)
40,8 (4.9)
Mittleres Minimum ° F (° C)
−2.4 (- 19.1)
2.1 (- 16.6)
10.1 (- 12.2)
23.4 (- 4.8)
34.9 (1.6)
43.5 (6.4)
50.3 (10.2)
49.2 (9.6)
39.6 (4.2)
29.7 (- 1.3)
19.1 (- 7.2)
5.5 (- 14.7)
-6.1 (- 21.2)
Niedrig ° F (° C) aufzeichnen
−25 (- 32)
−20 (- 29)
-6 (- 21)
10 (- 12)
24 (- 4)
32 (0)
41 (5)
39 (4)
29 (- 2)
20 (- 7)
−1 (- 18)
−16 (- 27)
−25 (- 32)
Durchschnittlicher Niederschlag Zoll (mm)
2.61 (66)
2.31 (59)
2.98 (76)
3,55 (90)
4.28 (109)
3.83 (97)
4.08 (104)
3.56 (90)
3.45 (88)
2.83 (72)
3.30 (84)
2.84 (72)
39.62 (1.007)
Durchschnittlicher Schneefall Zoll (cm)
12.4 (31)
10.5 (27)
8.2 (21)
2.7 (6.9)
0,1 (0,25)
0 (0)
0 (0)
0 (0)
0 (0)
0.4 (1.0)
3.0 (7.6)
10.2 (26)
47,5 (120.75)
Durchschnittliche Niederschlagstage (≥ 0,01 in)
17,1
14.1
14.0
14.3
14.0
12.1
11.3
9.6
10.2
10.9
13.8
16.2
157.6
Durchschnittliche Schneetage (≥ 0,1 in)
13,0
9.4
6.8
2.5
0
0
0
0
0
0,5
3.4
10.3
45,9
Quelle: NOAA [43][44]
Stadtbild [ bearbeiten ]
Blick auf die Skyline von Akron aus dem Westen in Richtung Osten
Architektur [ bearbeiten ]
Jablonski Sculpture, ein Geschenk der Zimmite Corporation zu Ehren von Nola M. Guzzettas humanitärem Interesse, Blinden eine Vision des künstlerischen und architektonischen Designs durch Berührung zu vermitteln [45]
Als Ergebnis mehrerer Städte und dem Boom der Industrie Akrons Architektur ist vielfältig.
Ursprünglich eine Kanalstadt, wird die Stadt vom Ohio und vom Erie Canal in zwei Teile geteilt, wobei die Innenstadt darauf zentriert ist. Entlang der Schleusen hat die Stadt einen mit Gummi gepflasterten Weg.
Akron wurde 2008 mit dem City Livability Award für seine Bemühungen ausgezeichnet, neue Schulgebäude als Gemeinschaftslernen zu nutzen. Im Jahr 2009 ernannte die National Arbor Day Foundation Akron bereits zum 14. Mal als Tree City USA. [46]
Viele Regierungs- und Bürgergebäude der Stadt, darunter das Rathaus, und das Couritouse des Summit County sind aus der Zeit vor dem Zweiten Weltkrieg, aber die öffentliche Bibliothek des Akron-Summit County und das John S. Knight Center sind wesentlich neuer. Die Bibliothek wurde 1969 eröffnet, aber 2004 als stark erweiterte Anlage wiedereröffnet. Das Knight Center wurde 1994 eröffnet.
Die erste methodistische Episkopalkirche nutzte den Akron-Plan erstmals 1872, der Plan gewann jedoch an Popularität und wurde in vielen Kongregationalisten, Baptisten und Presbyterianern eingesetzt. [14] [47] ]
Die Stadt beherbergt einen historischen Filmpalast aus den 1920er Jahren, das Akron Civic Theatre. Ein Merkmal des Gebäudes ist ein Sternenhimmel mit Wolken, die darüber schweben, wenn die Lichter gedimmt werden.
Das 1931 fertiggestellte, höchste Gebäude von Akron, der Huntington Tower, ist im Art Deco-Stil gehalten und mit verglasten Terrakotta-Elementen bedeckt. [48] Es ist 100 Meter hoch und befindet sich auf dem Hamilton-Gebäude , 1900 im neugotischen Stil fertiggestellt. [] In der Nähe der Jahrtausendwende erhielt der Turm ein Facelift von 2,5 Millionen US-Dollar, einschließlich einer Restaurierung des Turms in Höhe von 1,8 Millionen US-Dollar Terrakotta, Ziegel und Kalkstein. [48] Auf dem Dach des Gebäudes befindet sich ein Fernsehturm, der früher von WAKR-TV (jetzt WVPX-TV) und WAKR-AM verwendet wurde. [49] Die Antenne erreicht eine Höhe von 134,7 Metern [ Zitat benötigt ] Auf dem Campus der Universität von Akron befindet sich das Goodyear Polymer Center. Zwei Doppeltürme aus Glas sind durch Gehwege miteinander verbunden. Die Universität nutzt auch die ehemalige Quaker Oats-Fabrik als Schlafsaal. Seit vielen Jahren war es ein Einkaufszentrum namens Quaker Square. Dort war auch ein Hotel gewesen.
Das Akron Art Museum beauftragte Coop Himmelblau mit dem Entwurf einer Erweiterung im Jahr 2007. Das neue Gebäude verbindet sich mit dem alten Gebäude und ist in drei Teile unterteilt, die als "Crystal", [50] "Gallery Box", [51] und [51] bekannt sind die "Dachwolke". [52]
Die kontrastreichen Stadtteile Goodyear Heights und Firestone Park wurden während der Gummiindustrie gebaut, um Arbeiter und ihre Familien unterzubringen. Beide Gemeinden sind mit Häusern gefüllt, die auf Versandbestellungsplänen basieren.
Nachbarschaften [ edit ]
Akron besteht aus 21 Stadtteilen, drei weitere sind nicht rechtskräftig, jedoch in der Stadt anerkannt. Die Stadtviertel der Stadt unterscheiden sich im Design vor allem durch Erweiterungen wie Zusammenlegung der Städte, Annexion, Wohnungsbau in verschiedenen Zeiträumen und Kautschukzeit.
Maple Valley deckt das westliche Ende der Copley Road ab, bevor es die I-77 erreicht. Entlang dieses Streifens befinden sich mehrere Unternehmen, die den Namen verwenden, sowie die Maple Valley-Niederlassung der Akron-Summit County Public Library. Spicertown fällt unter die Decke des University Park. Dieser Begriff wird häufig verwendet, um das studentenzentrierte Einzelhandels- und Wohngebiet in der Nähe der East Exchange- und Spicer-Straße in der Nähe der University of Akron zu beschreiben. West Hill ist im Wesentlichen durch die West Market Street im Norden, die West Exchange Street im Süden, die Innenstadt im Osten und die Rhodes Avenue im Westen begrenzt. Es verfügt über viele stattliche ältere Häuser, insbesondere im kürzlich anerkannten Oakdale Historic District.
Vororte [ edit ]
Zu den Vororten von Akron gehören Barberton, Cuyahoga Falls, Fairlawn, Green, Mogadore, Montrose, die Munroe Falls, Norton, Silver Lake, Stow und Tallmadge. Akron bildete gemeinsame wirtschaftliche Entwicklungsbezirke mit Springfield, Coventry, Copley und Bath (zusammen mit Fairlawn) Townships. [53]
Culture [ edit ]
Stan Hywet Hall und Gardens
] Akron ist die Heimat von EJ Thomas Hall, einer von drei Akron-Veranstaltungshallen. Regelmäßige Auftritte sind das Akron Symphony Orchestra, Tuesday Musical Club und die Children's Concert Society. Zu den erstklassigen Veranstaltungen zählen Broadway-Musicals, Ballette, Komödien, Vorträge und Entertainer, die jährlich 400.000 Besucher anziehen. Die Halle bietet Platz für 2.955, verteilt auf drei Ebenen. Um einen erstklassigen akustischen Klang zu gewährleisten, ist die kontergewichtete Decke verstellbar, wodurch die räumlichen Abmessungen der Halle verändert werden. In der Innenstadt befindet sich das Akron Civic Theatre, das 1929 als Löw's Theatre eröffnet wurde. Dieses stimmungsvoll gestaltete Theater wurde von John Eberson entworfen und enthält viele maurische Elemente wie Bögen und dekorative Fliesen. Es verfügt über kunstvolle Holzschnitzereien, Alabaster-Statuen und europäische Antiquitäten. Das Theater hat 5.000 Plätze. Dahinter auf dem Kanal befindet sich das Amphitheater Lock 3 Park, in dem jährlich die erste Nacht in Akron stattfindet. Das Akron Art Museum befindet sich ebenfalls in der Innenstadt und bietet seit 1850 produzierte Kunst sowie nationale und internationale Ausstellungen. [54] Es wurde 1922 als Akron Art Institute im Untergeschoss der Akron Public Library eröffnet. Es zog 1981 an seinen jetzigen Standort im renovierten Postgebäude von 1899. Im Jahr 2007 wurde das Museum durch das Hinzufügen des John S. und James L. Knight Building, das 2005 mit dem American Architecture Award der USA ausgezeichnet wurde, mehr als verdreifacht Chicago Athenaeum [55] noch im Bau. [56]
[57]
Stan Hywet Hall and Gardens wurde zwischen 1912 und 1915 für Frank Seiberling erbaut historisches Haus in den Vereinigten Staaten.
Das 104 Hektar (0,42 km 2 ) des Metro-Parks Sand Run gelegene Naturreservat FA Seiberling verfügt über ein Besucherzentrum, Wanderwege, drei Teiche, Gärten und eine Reihe von speziellen Programmen im gesamten Hotel Jahr. Das Akron Police Museum zeigt Erinnerungsstücke, darunter Artikel von Pretty Boy Floyd, dessen Bande die Stadt besuchte. [58][59] Die Stadt beherbergt mehrere andere Galerien und Museen, darunter das American Marble and Toy Museum und die Don Drumm Studios & Gallery. [60]
Film und Fernsehen [ edit ]
Akron diente als Kulisse für mehrere große Studio- und Independent-Filme. Dance, Girl, Dance (1940) erzählt die Geschichte von zwei Tänzern aus Akron, die nach New York City gehen. [61][62] Mein Name ist Bill W. (1989) erzählt die wahre Geschichte von Bill Wilson, dem Mitbegründer von Alcoholics Anonymous, der seine ersten Treffen in der Stan Hywet Hall and Gardens abhielt und heute über zwei Millionen Mitglieder hat. [63] Die Verbindung des Programms zum Saint Thomas Hospital ist angedeutet in einer Episode der Fernsehserie Prison Break (2005), wo Michael Scofield am Telefon mit Sara Tancredi telefoniert. [64] Die Akron Armory dient als Austragungsort für ein Wrestling-Team ... All the Marbles (1981). [65] More Than a Game (2009) dokumentiert den LeBron James, Spieler der National Basketball Association, und seinen High-School-Basketball an der St. Vincent - St. Mary High School Reise des Teams. [66] In Drakes Musikvideo zu Forever (2009) vom More Than a Game Soundtrack (2009) ist das ikonische Goodyear-Logo auf dem Theatre des Unternehmens zu sehen. Die Stadt wurde häufig in den Medien dargestellt, von "Hell on Earth" in der Fernsehserie I'm In Hell (2007), [67] bis zum Aufenthaltsort einer heiligen Frau in The Virgin of Akron, Ohio (2007). [68] Henry Spivey von Mein eigener schlimmster Feind [20089026] (2008) reist durch die Serie viele Male nach Akron. [69] George Costanza in einer Episode von Seinfeld [19899026] (1989) fliegt in die Stadt. [70] MYOB (2008) konzentriert sich auf ein Akron-Runaway-Mädchen namens Riley Veatch. [71] Jake Foley von Jake 2.0 (2003), Pickles-Familie der Rugrats und J. Reid of In Too Deep (1999) stammen ebenfalls aus der Stadt. Akron stand auch im Rampenlicht der Fernsehserie Criminal Minds "Compromising Positions" (2010), Staffel 6, Episode 4. Der 2015er Room Room basiert auf Akron. Der Film Harvey (1950) erwähnt Akron mehrfach.
In der populären Kultur [ edit ]
In Needful Things ist ein Roman von Stephen King, der Charakter von Leland Gaunt stammt aus Akron. In der musikalischen Komödie Glee, Vocal Adrenaline, sind die Rivalen von New Directions von der fiktiven Carmel High School in Akron. In dem dystopischen Roman Unwind (und seine Fortsetzungen) von Neal Shusterman wird Connor Lassiter, eine der Hauptfiguren, als "Akron AWOL" bezeichnet, nachdem die Stadt zum Schauplatz seiner berüchtigten Flucht aus dem Juvey geworden ist -cops Ein Antiquitätengeschäft in Akron spielt ebenfalls eine wichtige Rolle in der Unwind-Serie.
Thomas und Beulah ein Buch der Poesie, das von der einheimischen und ehemaligen Poet Laureate Consultant in Poetry an die Library of Congress, Rita Dove, geschrieben wurde, erzählt die Geschichte ihrer Großmutter und ihres Großvaters, die sich getrennt von der Im Süden in die Stadt, wo sie die Weltwirtschaftskrise und den Rest ihres Lebens durchlebten. [72] Die Stadt ist auch Schauplatz des Romans The Coast of Akron vom ehemaligen Herausgeber von Esquire (19459025) Adrienne Miller. [73] Um Akrons Niedergang in den 1980er Jahren zu reflektieren, schrieb der in Akron geborene Chrissie Hynde das Pretenders-Lied "My City Was Gone". [74] Der Black-Keys-Albumtitel Rubber Factory an die ehemalige Gummifabrik der Goodrich Corporation, in der sie aufgenommen wurde. [75] Akron dient als Kulisse für das Videospiel der Ego-Shooter-PC-Plattform No One Lives Forever 2: Ein Spion auf HARM's Way [19459026[76][77]
Tourismus [] [1965936] 8] In der Umgebung von Akron gibt es zahlreiche Attraktionen und Sehenswürdigkeiten. Opened in 1922, The Akron Art Museum has a 20,000-square-foot building and a collection of art produced since 1850. Stan Hywet Hall and Gardens is the estate of F.A. Seiberling, founder of Goodyear Tire and Rubber Company. The manor hosts various attractions and public events throughout the year. In the heart of downtown, the Akron Civic Theatre has provided the community with a venue for entertainment and live performances for over eighty years. Lock 3, a historic Ohio and Erie Canalway landmark, has been transformed into an entertainment amphitheater that hosts festivals, concerts, and community events throughout the year. The Akron Zoo is located just outside downtown, and was an initial gift of property from the city's founding family. In Highland Square, Akron hosts a convergence of art, music, and community annually called Art in the Square, a festival featuring local artists and musicians.[78]
National events hosted annually in Akron cover a wide variety of hobbies and interests. The PGA World Golf Championships travel to Akron each year for the Bridgestone Invitational at Firestone Country Club. The All-American Soap Box Derby is a youth racing program which has its World Championship finals at Derby Downs. In mid July, the National Hamburger Festival consists of different vendors serving original recipe hamburgers and has a Miss Hamburger contest.[79] Lock 3 Park annually hosts the First Night Akron celebration on New Year's Eve.[80] The park also annually hosts the Italian Festival and the "Rib, White & Blue" food festival in July.[78]Founders Day is celebrated annually because of the founding of Alcoholics Anonymous within the city.[81][82]
Cuisine[edit]
Several residents of Akron have played a role in defining American cuisine. Ferdinand Schumacher created the first American oatmeal and is a pioneer of breakfast cereal.[83] He also founded the Empire Barley Mill and German Mills American Oatmeal Company,[84] which would later merge several times with other companies, with the result being the Quaker Oats Company.[85] The Menches Brothers, are the disputed inventors of the waffle ice cream cone,[86]caramel corn,[86] and hamburger.[87] The beer, BORIS The Crusher Oatmeal-Imperial Stout, brewed by the Hoppin' Frog Brewing Company located in the city, won 1st place in the Imperial Stout category of the 2008 Great American Beer Festival, and the company was named the 24th best brewer in the world for 2010 by RateBeer.com[88] Notable eateries in Akron are Luigi's Pizzeria (established in 1949) and The Diamond Grille. Other places include Crave, Bricco, Cilantro, Diamond Deli, Urban Eats, Mary Coyle Ice Cream, Swenson's, Ken Stewart's, Tangier, Louie's, Duffy's, New Era, Strickland's Frozen Custard, and Hamburger Station.[89] The rivalry between Swenson's and Skyway, aired on Iron Chef Michael Symon's Food Feuds, which Swenson's won.[90]
Spoken dialects[edit]
Although Akron is in northern Ohio, where the Inland North dialect is expected, its settlement history puts it in the North Midland dialect area.[91] Some localisms that have developed include devilstripwhich refers to the grass strip between a sidewalk and street.[92]
The RubberDucks have won the Eastern League Championship five times, most recently in 2016.
The Akron Road Runner Marathon is a marathon in the city.[93]
Akron hosted some of the events of the 2014 Gay Games including the marathon, the men's and women's golf tournaments at Firestone Country Club, and softball at Firestone Stadium.[94]
The All-American Soap Box Derby is taken place each year at the Derby Downs since 1936. The Firestone Country Club, which annually hosts the WGC-Bridgestone Invitational, has in the past hosted the PGA Championship, American Golf Classic, and Rubber City Open Invitational. On January 7, 1938, Akron became the birthplace of women's professional Mud Wrestling, in a match including Professional Wrestling and Wrestling Observer Hall of Famer, Mildred Burke.[95] The Professional Bowlers Association started in the city during 1958. LeBron James' King for Kids bike-a-thon feature James riding with kids through the city each June.[96] In November, the city hosts the annual Home Run for the Homeless 4-mile run.
College sports[edit]
InfoCision Stadium – Summa Field
The University of Akron's Akron Zips compete in the NCAA and the Mid-American Conference (MAC) in a variety of sports at the Division I level. The men's basketball team appeared in the NCAA Tournament in 1986, 2009, 2011, and 2013. In 2009, the Zips men's soccer team completed the regular-season undefeated, then won the NCAA Men's Division I Soccer Championship in 2010. Zippy, one of the eight female NCAA mascots, won the National Mascot of the Year contest in 2007.
Past teams[edit]
Former teams of Akron include the Akron Professionals (National Football League), Goodyear Silents (deaf semi-professional football), Akron Black Tyrites (Negro League), Akron Americans (International Hockey League), Akron Lightning (International Basketball League), the Akron Summit Assault USL Premier Development League (PDL), the fourth tier of the American Soccer Pyramid, and the Akron Wingfoots (National Basketball League), who won the first NBL Championship and the International Cup three times. The Akron Firestone Non-Skids (National Basketball League), later won the title consecutively, in 1939 and 1940. The historic Rubber Bowl was the home of the 1920 National Football League Championship winners, the Akron Professionals.
Parks and recreation[edit]
Major parks in Akron include Lock 3, Firestone, Goodyear Heights, the F.A. Seiberling Nature Realm (or Naturealm), and part of the Cuyahoga Valley National Park. Several of the parks along on the locks of the canal. Lock 3 Park in downtown Akron is the city's hub for entertainment. It is commonly used as an outdoor amphitheater hosting live musical entertainment, festivals, and special events year-round. The park was created in the early 21st century to provide green space within the city of Akron. The Ohio and Erie Canal can still be seen flowing behind the stage where there was once a boat yard and dry dock. Later, a pottery factory stood there until the parking deck of the M. O'Neil Co. department store was built in the current location. More than 65,000 guests use the park for recreation annually. During Lock 3 Live, it holds concerts for almost every musical genre, including alternative, R&B, reggae, gospel, country, pop, jazz, and classic rock. Some festivals the park hosts throughout the year include Soap Box Derby opening ceremonies, firefighter competitions, charity events, tournaments, and animal events. From November through February, Lock 3 Park is transformed into an outdoor ice-skating rink.[97] Adjacent to the Derby Downs race hill is a 19,000-square-foot (1,800 m2) outdoor skatepark. The park features concrete ramps, including two bowls going as deep as 7 feet (2.1 m), a snake run, two hips, a stair set with handrail, many smaller quarter pipes and a variety of grind boxes. Positioned just a few feet from the Akron Skatepark is a Pro BMX course where organized races are often held in the warmer months. Akron residents can enjoy various ice skating activities year round at the historic Akron Ice House.
The Ohio and Erie Canal Towpath Trail is a regional bike and hike trail that follows the canal. A bridge was completed in 2008, crossing Route 59/The Innerbelt, which connects the towpath proper with bike routes painted onto streets downtown, thus completing another step toward the connection of Cleveland and East Liverpool with a hike and bike trail.[citation needed] The State of Ohio plans to reconstruct the trail which once ran completely through Ohio, to New Philadelphia from Cleveland. The trail features a floating observation deck section over Summit Lake. It is a popular tourist attraction, as it attracts over 2 million visits annually.[98][99][100] The Portage Hike and Bike Trail, when fully complete, will connect with the hike and bike trails in the county.[101]
Akron Beacon Journal headquarters
Akron is served in print by the daily Akron Beacon Journal, formerly the flagship newspaper of the Knight Newspapers chain; the weekly "The Akron Reporter"; and the weekly West Side Leader newspapers and the monthly magazine Akron Life. The Buchtelite newspaper is published by the University of Akron.[102]
Akron is less than 40 miles (64 km) from Cleveland and forms part of the Cleveland-Akron (Canton) media market, the 18th largest market in the U.S.[103] However, WAOH-CD, WEAO (PBS), WVPX (ION), and WBNX-TV (independent) are licensed to Akron. WAOH and WEAO serve the city of Akron specifically, while WBNX and WVPX identify themselves as Akron/Clevelandserving the entire Northeast Ohio market. Akron has no native news broadcast, having lost its only news station when the former WAKC became WVPX in 1996. WVPX and Cleveland's WKYC later provided a joint news program, which was cancelled in 2005.[104][105]
On the radio side, Akron is served by WZIP 88.1 (Top 40 / College – University of Akron), WAPS 91.3 (Varied formats: local artists, modern rock, Album Adult Alternative), WAKR 1590 (News/talk/sports), WKDD 98.1 (Adult contemporary), WHLO 640 (News/talk), WJMP 1520 (Silent), WKSU 89.7 (National Public Radio and Classical music, operated from the campus of Kent State University), WONE 97.5 (Classic rock), WNIR-FM 100.1 (News/talk), WSTB 88.9 (Alternative), WARF 1350 (Fox Sports Radio), WQMX 94.9 (Country), WRQK 106.9 (Rock), and WHOF 101.7 (AC).
Economy[edit]
GOJO Industries headquarters
Many industries in the United States either began or were influenced by the city. After beginning the tire and rubber industry during the 20th century with the founding of Goodrich, Firestone, General Tire, also the Goodyear merger with The Kelly-Springfield Tire Company gained the status of "Rubber Capital of the World". Akron has won economic awards such as for City Livability and All-American City, and deemed a high tech have greatly contributing to the Information Age.[106] Current Fortune 500 companies headquartered in the city include the Goodyear Tire and Rubber Company and FirstEnergy. In addition, the city is the headquarters to a number of other notable companies such as GOJO, Advanced Elastomer Systems, Myers Industries, Acme Fresh Market and Sterling Jewelers. Goodyear, America's biggest tire manufacturer and the fifth-largest private employer in Summit County,[107] recently built a new world headquarters in the city. The project, Akron Riverwalk, will feature a large retail and commercial development area.[108] The project began in 2007, but was put on hold because of the financial crisis of 2007–2010, and is now continuing.[109]Bridgestone built a new technical center with state-of-the-art R&D labs, and moved its product development operations to the new facility in early 2012.[110][111] The Eastern Ohio Division of KeyBank, which has six branches in the city, built a regional headquarters downtown.[112] The city has a free WiFi corridor centered in downtown. Neighborhoods in range include Goodyear Heights, East Akron, North Hill, Firestone Park, Kenmore, and West Akron.[113]
Polymer Valley[edit]
Northeast Ohio's Polymer Valley is centered in Akron. The area holds forty-five percent of the state's polymer industries, with the oldest dating to the 19th century. During the 1980s and 1990s, an influx of new polymer companies came to the region.[114] In 2001, more than 400 companies manufactured polymer-based materials in the region.[115] Many University of Akron scientists became world-renowned for their research done at the Goodyear Polymer Center.[citation needed] The first College of Polymer Science and Polymer Engineering was begun by the university. In 2010, the National Polymer Innovation Center opened on campus.
Hospitals[edit]
Akron has designated an area called the Biomedical Corridor, aimed at luring health-related ventures to the region. It encompasses 1,240 acres (5.0 km2) of private and publicly owned land, bounded by Akron General on the west and Akron City on the east, and also includes Akron Children's near the district's center with the former Saint Thomas Hospital to the north of its northern boundaries.[116] Since its start in 2006, the corridor added the headquarters of companies such as Akron Polymer Systems.[117]
Akron's adult hospitals are owned by two health systems, Summa Health System and Akron General Health System. Summa Health System operates Akron City Hospital and the former St. Thomas Hospital, which in 2008 were recognized for the 11th consecutive year as one of "America's Best Hospitals" by U.S. News & World Report.[118][119] Summa is recognized as having one of the best orthopaedics programs in the nation with a ranking of 28th.[120] Akron General Health in affiliation with the Cleveland Clinic operates Akron General Medical Center, which in 2009, was recognized as one of "America's Best Hospitals" by U.S. News & World Report.[121][122]Akron Children's Hospital is an independent entity that specializes in pediatric care and burn care.[123] In 1974, Dr. Howard Igel and Dr. Aaron Freeman successfully grew human skin in a lab to treat burn victims, making Akron Children's Hospital the first hospital in the world to achieve such a feat.[124] Akron City and Akron General hospitals are designated Level I Trauma Centers.
Top employers[edit]
According to the City's 2012 Comprehensive Annual Financial Report,[125] the principal employers in the city are:
#
Employer
Employees
1
Summa Health System
10,000
2
Akron General Health System
4,150
3
County of Summit
3,094
4
Akron Public Schools
3,094
5
Goodyear Tire and Rubber Company
3,000
6
The University of Akron
2,845
7
FirstMerit Corporation (now known as Huntington Bank)
2,695
8
Akron Children's Hospital
2,681
9
FirstEnergy
2,537
10
Time Warner Cable (now known as Charter Spectrum)
2,440
Government and politics[edit]
The Ocasek Building includes state, county, and city offices.[126]
The mayor of Akron is elected in a citywide vote. In 2016, the city elected its 62nd mayor. The city is divided into 10 wards, each elect a member to the Akron City Council, while an additional 3 are elected at large. The mayor's cabinet currently consist of directors and deputy directors of administration, communications, community relations, economic development, intergovernmental relations, labor relations, law, planning & urban development, planning director – deputy, public safety, and public service.[127] The city adopted a new charter of the commissioner manager type in 1920, but reverted to its old form in 1924.
The current mayor is Dan Horrigan. Longtime Akron Mayor Don Plusquellic announced on May 8, 2015, that he would resign on May 31 after 28 years as mayor and 41 years of service to the city.[128][129] On May 31, 2015, Garry Moneypenny was sworn in as the new mayor at East High School. Monrypenny was former Chief Deputy and Assistant Sheriff of the Summit County Sheriff's Department, former Springfield Township Police Department Chief of Police,[130] and former Akron City Council President.[129]
On June 5, 2015, less than a week after he took office, Mayor Moneypenny announced he would not run for a full term because of inappropriate contact with a city employee.[131] Three days later, Moneypenny announced he would resign effective at midnight on June 10. Council president Jeff Fusco assumed the duties of mayor on June 11, 2015. Fusco ran for and was elected to an at-large council seat, rather than seeking a full term as mayor. Fusco also announced he would temporarily step down as Chair of the Summit County Democratic Party, because the city charter calls for the Mayor to devote his full attention to the city.[132]
As of July 1, 2015, three Democrats and one Republican were running for Mayor of Akron. The Democratic candidates were Summit County Clerk of Courts and former ward 4 Councilman Dan Horrigan; at-large Councilman Mike Williams; and Summit County Councilman Frank Communale. Horrigan won the Democratic primary, held on September 8. In the general election, he faced the lone GOP candidate, Eddie Sipplin, an African-American criminal defense attorney.[133] On November 3, 2015, Horrigan was elected as the 62nd mayor of the city of Akron. He took office on January 1, 2016.
The current members of City Council are:
Ward 1 – Rich Swirsky (D)
Ward 2 – Bruce Kilby (D)
Ward 3 – Margo Sommerville (D), President of Council
Ward 4 – Russell C. Neal Jr. (D)
Ward 5 – Tara Mosley–Samples (D)
Ward 6 – Bob Hoch (D)
Ward 7 – Donnie Kammer (D),
Ward 8 – Marilyn Keith (D),
Ward 9 – Mike Freeman (D)
Ward 10 – Zack Milkovich (D) [134] President Pro Tem
At Large – Linda Omobien (D)
At Large – Jeff Fusco (D) Vice-President of Council
At Large – Veronica Sims (D)
Clerk of Council – Bob Keith (D) [135]
Humanitarian affairs[edit]
Aside from city founder, Simon Perkins, negotiating a treaty with Native Americans to establish a mail route from the Connecticut Western Reserve to Detroit in 1807, others partook in historic humanitarian affairs in Akron. Aside from being part of the Underground Railroad, when active, John Brown was a resident, today having two landmarks (John Brown House) and the (John Brown Monument) dedicated to him. During the 1851 Women's Rights Convention, Sojourner Truth delivered her speech entitled "Ain't I A Woman?". In 1905, a statue of an Indian named Unk was erected on Portage Path, which was part of the effective western boundary of the White and Native American lands from 1785 to 1805.[136] The Summit County chapter of the Ku Klux Klan reported having 50,000 members, making it the largest local chapter in the country during the 20th century. At some point the sheriff, county officials, mayor of Akron, judges, county commissioners, and most members of Akron's school board were members. The Klan's influence in the city's politics eventually ended after Wendell Willkie, arrived and challenged them.[137] Race took part in two of Akron's major riots, the Riot of 1900 and the Wooster Ave. Riots of 1968. Others giving speeches on race, in the city include W. E. B. Du Bois (1920)[7] and President Bill Clinton (1997).[8] In 1971, Alpha Phi Alpha Homes Inc. was founded in Akron by the Eta Tau Lambda chapter, with James R. Williams as chairman. The centerpiece, Henry Arthur Callis Tower, is located in the Channelwood Village area of the city. In 2008, 91-year-old Akron native, Addie Polk, became the poster child of the financial crisis of 2007–2010, after shooting herself.[138]
Demographics[edit]
Historical population
Census
Pop.
%±
1840
1,664
—
1850
3,266
96.3%
1860
3,477
6.5%
1870
10,006
187.8%
1880
16,512
65.0%
1890
27,601
67.2%
1900
42,728
54.8%
1910
69,067
61.6%
1920
208,435
201.8%
1930
255,040
22.4%
1940
244,791
−4.0%
1950
274,605
12.2%
1960
290,351
5.7%
1970
275,425
−5.1%
1980
237,177
−13.9%
1990
223,019
−6.0%
2000
217,074
−2.7%
2010
199,110
−8.3%
Est. 2017
197,846
[139]
−0.6%
U.S. Decennial Census[140]
According to census data from 2010–2014, the median income for a household in the city was $34,139. The per capita income for the city was $17,596. About 26.7% of persons were in poverty.[141]
Akron has a metropolitan population of 703,203 (U.S. Census Bureau, 2010). Akron is also part of the larger Cleveland-Akron-Canton Combined Statistical Area, which was the 15th largest in the country with a population of over 3.5 million according to the 2010 Census.
2010 census[edit]
As of the census[2] of 2010, there were 199,110 people, 83,712 households, and 47,084 families residing in the city. The population density was 3,209.9 inhabitants per square mile (1,239.3/km2). There were 96,288 housing units at an average density of 1,552.3 per square mile (599.3/km2). The racial makeup of the city was 62.2% White, 31.5% African American, 0.2% Native American, 2.1% Asian, 0.8% from other races, and 3.2% from two or more races. Hispanoamerikaner oder Latino jeglicher Rasse waren 2,1% der Bevölkerung. Non-Hispanic Whites were 61.2% of the population,[142] down from 81.0% in 1970.[143]
There were 83,712 households, of which 28.8% had children under age 18 living with them, 31.3% were married couples living together, 19.5% had a female householder with no husband present, 5.5% had a male householder with no wife present, and 43.8% were non-families. 34.8% of all households were made up of individuals and 10.8% had someone living alone who was 65 years of age or older. The average household size was 2.31 and the average family size was 2.98.
The median age in the city was 35.7 years. 22.9% of residents were under age 18; 12.4% were between 18 and 24; 25,9% waren von 25 bis 44; 25,9% waren von 45 bis 64; and 12.6% were 65 or older. The gender makeup of the city was 48.3% male and 51.7% female.
Education[edit]
Preschool, elementary, and secondary education is mainly provided by the Akron City School District. Planning of the district began in 1840, when Ansel Miller suggested to build free public schools for all children in the city, paid for by property taxes. After enduring much opposition by citizens, in 1843 Miller joined with Rev. Isaac Jennings. Three years later, Jennings became the chairman of a committee of citizens who discussed how to improve the school system. On November 21, 1846, their plan was approved unanimously by the citizens. The Ohio Legislature adopted the plan, called "An act for the support and better regulation of the Common Schools of the Town of Akron" on February 8, 1847. Akron's first public schools were established in the fall of 1847 and were led by Mortimer Leggett. The first annual report showed that it cost less than $2 a year to educate a child. In 1857 the cost of running the schools for a year was $4,200. The primary schools were taught by young women, which the Akron Board of Education justified because they could be paid less and were under the supervision of a male superintendent. From 1877 to 1952, Akron graduated students semi-annually instead of annually. 9% of the city's school-aged population were born in other countries in 1888. In the 1920s, an Americanization program was designed to help the many Akron students who were first-generation Americans. Classes were in the rubber companies and some of the schools. A "continuation school" began for working boys and girls who were required by law to have at least four hours of schooling a week. In 1924, Akron's platoon schools attracted visitors from all over the country. Being a stronghold for the Ku Klux Klan during the decade, the majority of school board and government officials were members. Their influence ended with the arrival of Wendell Willkie. During the city's 1950s boom town phase, Akron schools grew eight times faster than the city's population. In 1967, Kenmore launched the Air Force JROTC. In 1971, Jennings piloted the middle school model, which moved ninth-graders to the senior high school. In 1984, all-day kindergarten was piloted at Seiberling, Rankin and Hatton schools, and Ellet, East and Garfield high schools piloted the in-school suspension program. The district received an A+ evaluation from the state in 1987.[144]
The city is home to the University of Akron, which the Princeton Review listed among the Best in the Midwestin 2008.[146] Originally Buchtel College, the school is home of the Goodyear Polymer Center and the National Polymer Innovation Center.[147] All Akron Public Schools are currently going through a 15-year, $800 million rebuilding process.[148] In recent times the city's schools have been moved from "Academic Watch" to "Continuous Improvement" by the Ohio Department of Education.[149] Akron also has many private, parochial and charter schools. Akron Public Schools made headlines in 2004 when a freshman student of Akron Digital Academy, the district's own online charter school, was not allowed to participate in extracurricular activities, an event later covered and satirized by The Daily Show. National Basketball Association player LeBron James attended St. Vincent–St. Mary High School.
Transportation[edit]
Airports[edit]
Akron Fulton International Airport administration building
The primary terminal that airline passengers traveling to or from Akron use is the Akron-Canton Regional Airport, serving nearly 2 million passengers a year. The Akron-Canton Airport is a commercial Class C airport located in the city of Green,[150] roughly 10 mi (16 km) southeast of Akron operated jointly by Stark and Summit counties. It serves as an alternative for travelers to or from the Cleveland area as well. Akron Fulton International Airport is a general aviation airport located in and owned by the City of Akron that serves private planes. It first opened in 1929 and has operated in several different capacities since then. The airport had commercial scheduled airline service until the 1950s and it is now used for both cargo and private planes.[151] It is home of the Lockheed Martin Airdock, where the Goodyear airships, dirigibles, and blimps were originally stored and maintained. The Goodyear blimps are now housed outside of Akron in a facility on the shores of Wingfoot Lake in nearby Suffield Township.
Railroads[edit]
Akron Northside Station is a train station at 27 Ridge Street along the Cuyahoga Valley Scenic Railroad.[152]
Because of the city's large rubber industry, Akron was once served by a variety of railroads that competed for the city's freight and passenger business. The largest were the Baltimore and Ohio Railroad, Erie Railroad, and the Pennsylvania Railroad. Smaller regional railroads included the Akron, Canton, and Youngstown Railroad, Northern Ohio Railway, and the Akron Barberton Belt Railroad.[153][page needed] Today, the city is only served by CSX Corporation. There is currently no passenger rail transportation.
Bus and public transportation[edit]
Robert K. Pfaff Transit Center
Public transportation is available through the METRO Regional Transit Authority system, whose fleet of over 200 buses and trolleys operates local routes and commuter buses into downtown Cleveland. Stark Area Regional Transit Authority (SARTA) also has a bus line running between Canton and Akron and the Portage Area Regional Transportation Authority (PARTA) runs an express route connecting the University of Akron with Kent State University.[154] Metro RTA operates out of the Robert K. Pfaff Transit Center on South Broadway Street. This facility, which opened in 2009, also houses inter-city bus transportation available through Greyhound Lines.[155]
Freeways[edit]
Akron is served by two major interstate highways that bisect the city. Unlike other cities, the bisection does not occur in the Central Business District, nor do the interstates serve downtown; rather, the Akron Innerbelt and to a lesser extent Ohio State Route 8 serve these functions.
Interstate 77 connects Marietta and Cleveland, Ohio. In Akron, it has 15 interchanges, four of which permit freeway-to-freeway movements. It runs north-south in the southern part of the city to its intersection with I-76, where it takes a westerly turn as a concurrency with Interstate 76.
Interstate 76 connects Interstate 71 to Youngstown, Ohio, and farther. It runs east–west and has 18 interchanges in Akron, four of which are freeway-to-freeway. The East Leg was rebuilt in the 1990s to feature six lanes and longer merge lanes. The concurrency with Interstate 77 is eight lanes. The Kenmore Leg is a four-lane leg that is slightly less than two miles (3 km) long and connects to Interstate 277.
Interstate 277 is an east–west spur that it forms with US 224 after I-76 splits to the north to form the Kenmore Leg. It is six lanes and cosigned with U.S. 224.
View of Akron from the south looking north
The Akron Innerbelt is a six-lane, 2.24-mile (3.60 km) spur from the I-76/I-77 concurrency and serves the urban core of the city. Its ramps are directional from the interstates, so it only serves west side drivers. ODOT is considering changing this design to attract more traffic to the route. The freeway comes to an abrupt end near the northern boundary of downtown where it becomes Martin Luther King Jr. Boulevard. The freeway itself is officially known as "The Martin Luther King Jr. Memorial Freeway". The freeway was originally designed to connect directly to State Route 8, but plans were laid to rest in the mid-1970s because of financial troubles.
Ohio State Route 8 is an original state highway that is a limited access route that connects Akron's northern suburbs with Interstates 76 and 77. State Route 8's southern terminus is at the central interchange, where it meets I-76 and I-77. The second freeway in Akron to be completed, it went through a major overhaul in 2003 with new ramps and access roads. In 2007 ODOT began a project to upgrade the road to interstate highway standards north of Akron from State Route 303 to I-271, providing a high speed alternative to Cleveland.[156]
Summit County Courthouse and police car. The modern police car originated in Akron in 1899.[19]
In 1999, Akron ranked as the 94th most dangerous city and the 229th safest, on the 7th Morgan Quitno list.[157] Preliminary Ohio crime statistics show aggravated assaults increased by 45% during 2007.[158] Akron became the first city in the United States to train and equip officers with the CornerShot, to aid them in fighting crime.[159] The city invented the first patrol cars to assist officers.
Historically, organized crime operated in the city with the presence of the Black Hand led by Rosario Borgio, once headquartered on the city's north side in the first decade of the 20th century[citation needed] and the Walker-Mitchell mob, of which Pretty Boy Floyd was a member.[160] Akron has experienced several riots in its history including, the Riot of 1900 and the Wooster Avenue Riots of 1968.
Methamphetamine history[edit]
The distribution of methamphetamine ("meth") in Akron greatly contributed to Summit County becoming known as the "Meth Capital of Ohio". The county ranks third in the nation in the number of registered meth sites.[161] During the 1990s, motorcycle gang the Hells Angels sold the drug from bars frequented by members.[162] Between January 2004 and August 2009, the city had significantly more registered sites than any other city in the state.[163] Authorities believe a disruption of a major Mexican meth operation attributed to the increase of it being made locally.[164] In 2007, APD received a grant to help continue its work with other agencies and jurisdictions to support them in ridding the city of meth labs.[165] The Akron Police Department coordinates with the Summit County Drug Unit and the Drug Enforcement Administration, forming the Clandestine Methamphetamine Laboratory Response Team.[166]
Notable people[edit]
Akron has produced and been home to a number of notable individuals in varying fields. Its natives and residents are called "Akronites". The first postmaster of the Connecticut Western Reserve and president of its bank, General Simon Perkins, co-founded Akron in 1825. His son, Colonel Simon Perkins, while living in Akron during the same time as abolitionist John Brown, went into business with Brown. Wendell Willkie, the Republican nominee for president in 1940, worked in Akron as a lawyer for Firestone. Pioneering televangelist Rex Humbard rose to prominence in Akron. Beacon Journal publisher John S. Knight ran the national Knight Newspapers chain from Akron. Broadcaster Hugh Downs was born in Akron. In the mid- to late 1940s, pioneering rock 'n' roll DJ Alan Freed was musical director at Akron's WAKR. Watergate figure John Dean was born in Akron.
Noted athletes to have come from Akron include National Basketball Association MVPs LeBron James and Stephen Curry, Basketball Hall of Famers Gus "Honeycomb" Johnson and Nate "The Great" Thurmond, Major League Baseball player Thurman Munson, International Boxing Hall of Famer Gorilla Jones, Houston Texans linebacker Whitney Mercilus, former Northwestern University and Notre Dame coach Ara Parseghian, and Butch Reynolds, former world record holder in the 400 meter dash. Former NFL linebacker James Harrison was born in Akron, as was current Tennessee Titans head coach, Mike Vrabel.
Performing artists to come from Akron include bands such as Ruby and the Romantics, Devo, The Black Keys, The Cramps whose lead singer, Lux Interior, was a native of the town, rapper Ampichino, The Waitresses, and 1964 the Tribute; Singers Vaughn Monroe, Chrissie Hynde lead singer and main composer with British New Wave band The Pretenders, James Ingram, Joseph Arthur, Jani Lane, Rachel Sweet and outlaw country singer David Allan Coe; Actors Frank Dicopoulos, David McLean, Melina Kanakaredes, Elizabeth Franz, William Boyett, Lola Albright and Jesse White. Clark Gable and John Lithgow also lived in Akron.
Poet Rita Dove was born and grew up in Akron. She went on to become the first African-American United States Poet Laureate. Many of her poems are about or take place in Akron, foremost among them Thomas and Beulah, which earned her the 1987 Pulitzer Prize for poetry.
Owner of over 400 patents, native Stanford R. Ovshinsky invented the widely used nickel-metal hydride battery. Richard Smalley, winner of a Nobel Prize in Chemistry for discovering buckminsterfullerene (buckyballs) was born in the city during 1943. Another native, the second U.S. female astronaut in space, Judith Resnik, died in the Space Shuttle Challenger disaster and has the Resnik Moon crater named in her honor.
Carol Folt, the 11th chancellor and 29th chief executive, of the University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill was born in Akron in 1951. She was previously provost (chief academic officer) and interim president of Dartmouth College. She assumed her duties on July 1, 2013, and is the first woman to lead UNC.
The philosopher and logician Willard van Orman Quine was born and grew up in Akron.
Sister cities[edit]
Akron, as of 2015, has two sister cities:[167]
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^"Preliminary Ohio Crime Statistics for 2007". Funkhouserlaw.com. June 2, 2008. Archived from the original on November 19, 2008. Retrieved April 3, 2009.
^"Ohio Police Test Gun That Shoots Round Corners". LiveLeak.com. December 14, 2007. Archived from the original on March 21, 2009. Retrieved April 3, 2009.
^King, Jeffery S (August 1, 1999). The Life and Death of Pretty Boy Floyd. ISBN 978-0-87338-650-0.
^Armon, Rick (September 5, 2008). "Summit County has third most methamphetamine sites in U.S". Ohio.com. Archived from the original on August 9, 2011. Retrieved April 3, 2009.
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Further reading[edit]
Joyce Dyer, Gum-Dipped: A Daughter Remembers Rubber Town. Akron: University of Akron Press, 2003.
Kathleen Endres, Akron's Better Half: Women's Clubs and the Humanization of a City, 1825–1925, Akron: University of Akron Press, 2006.
Kathleen L. Endres, Rosie the Rubber Worker: Women Workers in Akron's Rubber Factories during World War II. Kent: Kent State University Press, 2000
Jack Gieck, A Photo Album of Ohio's Canal Era, 1825–1913, Revised Edition. Kent: Kent State University Press, 1992
Jack Gieck, Early Akron's Industrial Valley: A History of the Cascade Locks. Kent: Kent State University Press, 2008
Alfred Winslow Jones, Life, Liberty, & Property: A Story of Conflict and a Measurement of Conflicting Rights. Akron: University of Akron Press, 1999.
S. A. Lane, Fifty Years and Over of Akron and Summit County. Akron, 1892.
S. Love and David Giffels, Wheels of Fortune: The Story of Rubber in Akron, Ohio. Akron: University of Akron Press, 1998.
S. Love, Ian Adams, and Barney Taxel, Stan Hywet Hall & Gardens. Akron: University of Akron Press, 2000.
F. McGovern, Written on the Hills: The Making of the Akron Landscape. Akron: University of Akron Press, 1996.
F. McGovern, Fun, Cheap, and Easy: My Life in Ohio Politics, 1949–1964. Akron: University of Akron Press, 2002.
Russ Musarra and Chuck Ayers, Walks around Akron. Akron: University of Akron Press, 2007.
Oscar E. Olin, et al., A Centennial History of Akron, 1825–1925. Summit County Historical Society, 1925.
John S. Reese, Guide Book for the Tourist and Traveler over the Valley Railway, Revised Edition. Kent: Kent State University Press, 2002
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