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Harry Potter - Wikipedia


Fantasy-Literaturserie




Harry Potter ist eine Reihe von Fantasy-Romanen, die vom britischen Autor J. K. Rowling geschrieben wurden. Die Romane erzählen das Leben eines jungen Zauberers, Harry Potter, und seiner Freunde Hermine Granger und Ron Weasley, die alle Schüler der Hogwarts-Schule für Hexerei und Zauberei sind. Die Hauptgeschichte bezieht sich auf Harrys Kampf gegen Lord Voldemort, einen dunklen Zauberer, der unsterblich werden will, den Zauberstab, der als Zaubereiministerium bekannt ist, stürzen und alle Zauberer und Muggel (nicht magische Menschen) unterwerfen will.

Seit der Veröffentlichung des ersten Romans, Harry Potter und der Stein der Weisen am 26. Juni 1997 fanden die Bücher weltweit eine immense Popularität, kritischen Zuspruch und kommerziellen Erfolg. Sie haben sowohl ein breites erwachsenes Publikum als auch jüngere Leser angezogen und werden oft als Eckpfeiler der modernen Literatur für junge Erwachsene angesehen. [2] Die Reihe wurde auch kritisiert, einschließlich der Besorgnis über den zunehmend dunklen Ton im Verlauf der Reihe wie die oft grausame und grafische Gewalt zeigt. Bis Februar 2018 wurden die Bücher weltweit mehr als 500 Millionen Mal verkauft und sind damit die meistverkaufte Buchserie der Geschichte. Sie wurden in achtzig Sprachen übersetzt. [3] Die letzten vier Bücher brachten aufeinander folgende Rekorde Die am schnellsten verkauften Bücher in der Geschichte. Die letzte Rate verkaufte in den Vereinigten Staaten innerhalb von 24 Stunden nach Veröffentlichung rund elf Millionen Exemplare.

Die Serie wurde ursprünglich in englischer Sprache von zwei großen Verlegern veröffentlicht, Bloomsbury im Vereinigten Königreich und Scholastic Press in den Vereinigten Staaten. Ein Stück, Harry Potter und das verfluchte Kind basierend auf einer von Rowling mitgeschriebenen Geschichte, die am 30. Juli 2016 im Palace Theatre in London uraufgeführt wurde, und das Drehbuch wurde von Little, Brown veröffentlicht. Die ursprünglich sieben Bücher wurden von Warner Bros. Pictures in eine achtteilige Filmreihe umgewandelt, die ab Februar 2018 die dritthöchste Filmreihe aller Zeiten ist . Im Jahr 2016 wurde der Gesamtwert der Harry Potter -Franchise auf 25 Milliarden US-Dollar geschätzt, [4] machte Harry Potter zu einer der medienstärksten Medien aller Zeiten.

Eine Reihe vieler Genres, darunter Fantasy, Drama, Erwachsenwerden und die britische Schulgeschichte (die Elemente des Mysteriums, des Thrillers, des Abenteuers, des Horrors und der Romantik umfasst), die Welt von Harry Potter ] thematisiert zahlreiche Themen und enthält viele kulturelle Bedeutungen und Referenzen. [5] Laut Rowling ist das Hauptthema der Tod. [6] Weitere wichtige Themen in der Reihe sind Vorurteile, Korruption und Wahnsinn.

Der Erfolg der Bücher und Filme hat es dem Harry Potter -Franchise ermöglicht, durch zahlreiche abgeleitete Werke, eine Wanderausstellung, die 2009 in Chicago Premiere hatte, zu expandieren, eine Studio-Tour durch London, die 2012 eröffnet wurde. eine digitale Plattform, auf der JK Rowling aktualisiert die Serie mit neuen Informationen und Erkenntnissen und einer Pentalogie von Spin-Off-Filmen, die im November 2016 mit Fantastic Beasts und wo sie zu finden uraufgeführt wurden, neben vielen anderen Entwicklungen. In letzter Zeit wurden in mehreren Vergnügungsparks von Universal Parks & Resorts auf der ganzen Welt thematische Attraktionen errichtet, die als Die Zauberwelt von Harry Potter bekannt sind.



Plot



Die zentrale Figur der Serie ist Harry Potter, ein Junge, der mit seiner Tante, seinem Onkel und seinem Cousin - den Dursleys - in Surrey lebt und im Alter von elf Jahren entdeckt, dass er ein Zauberer ist. obwohl er in der gewöhnlichen Welt von nicht-magischen Menschen lebt, die als Muggel bekannt sind. [8] Die Zaubererwelt existiert parallel zur Muggelwelt, wenn auch versteckt und im Verborgenen. Seine magischen Fähigkeiten sind angeboren, und Kinder mit solchen Fähigkeiten werden zu exklusiven Zauberschulen eingeladen, die die notwendigen Fähigkeiten vermitteln, um in der Zaubererwelt erfolgreich zu sein. [9] Harry wird Schüler an der Hogwarts School of Witchcraft und Wizardry, einer Zaubererakademie in Schottland und hier finden die meisten Veranstaltungen der Serie statt. Während Harry sich durch seine Jugend entwickelt, lernt er, die Probleme zu überwinden, mit denen er konfrontiert ist: magisch, sozial und emotional, einschließlich gewöhnlicher Herausforderungen im Teenageralter wie Freundschaften, Verliebtheit, romantische Beziehungen, Schularbeiten und Prüfungen, Angstzustände, Depressionen, Stress und mehr Test der Vorbereitung auf die bevorstehende Konfrontation in Großbritanniens zunehmend gewalttätigem zweiten Hexenkrieg. [10]

Jeder Roman erzählt ein Jahr in Harrys Leben [11] im Zeitraum von 1991 bis 1998 [12] Die Bücher enthalten auch viele Flashbacks, die häufig von Harry erlebt werden, wenn er die Erinnerungen anderer Charaktere in einem Gerät namens Pensieve betrachtet.

Die Umgebung, die Rowling geschaffen hat, ist eng mit der Realität verbunden. Die britische magische Gemeinschaft der Harry-Potter-Bücher ist inspiriert von der britischen Kultur der 1990er Jahre, europäischer Folklore, klassischer Mythologie und Alchemie und beinhaltet Gegenstände und wild lebende Tiere wie Zauberstäbe, Zauberpflanzen, Tränke, Zauber, fliegende Besenstöcke, Zentauren und andere magische Kreaturen Heiligtümer des Todes und der Stein der Weisen, neben anderen von Rowling erfunden. Während das Fantasieland von Narnia ein alternatives Universum ist und der Herr der Ringe Mittelerde eine mythische Vergangenheit ist, existiert die Zauberwelt von Harry Potter parallel zum Realen Welt und enthält magische Versionen der gewöhnlichen Elemente des Alltags, wobei die Aktion hauptsächlich in Schottland (Hogwarts), dem West Country, Devon, London und Surrey im Südosten Englands spielt. [13] Die Welt ist nur Zauberern und magischen Wesen zugänglich umfasst eine fragmentierte Ansammlung übersehener versteckter Straßen, alter Kneipen, einsamer Landgüter und abgelegener Burgen, die für die Muggelbevölkerung unsichtbar sind. [9]


Frühe Jahre


Als der erste Roman der Serie, Harry Potter und der Philosophenstein (in den Vereinigten Staaten als Harry Potter und der Stein der Weisen ) eröffnet, ist es offensichtlich, dass in der Zaubererwelt ein bedeutendes Ereignis stattgefunden hat - ein Ereignis, das sogar Muggel sehr bemerkenswert ist s (nicht magische Menschen) bemerken dies. Der vollständige Hintergrund dieses Ereignisses und der Vergangenheit von Harry Potter wird in der gesamten Serie nach und nach offenbart. Nach dem einleitenden Kapitel springt das Buch kurz vor Harry Potters elftem Geburtstag vor, und an diesem Punkt beginnt sein magischer Hintergrund zu offenbaren.

Trotz Harrys Tante und Onkels verzweifelter Verhinderung, dass Harry etwas über seine Fähigkeiten lernte, [14] sind ihre Bemühungen umsonst. Harry trifft einen halben Riesen, Rubeus Hagrid, der auch sein erster Kontakt mit der Zaubererwelt ist. Hagrid offenbart sich selbst als Hüter der Schlüssel und Grundstücke in Hogwarts sowie als Teil von Harrys Geschichte. [14] Harry erfährt, dass er als Baby Zeuge des Mordes seiner Eltern durch den machtbesessenen dunklen Zauberer Lord Voldemort war, der daraufhin den Mord beendete versuchte, ihn auch zu töten. [14] Stattdessen geschah das Unerwartete: Harry überlebte nur mit einer blitzförmigen Narbe auf der Stirn als Andenken an den Angriff, und Voldemort verschwand kurz darauf, schwer geschwächt durch seinen eigenen abprallenden Fluch. Als unabsichtlicher Retter aus Voldemorts Schreckensherrschaft ist Harry zu einer lebenden Legende in der Zaubererwelt geworden. Auf Befehl des ehrwürdigen und bekannten Zauberers Albus Dumbledore wurde der verwaiste Harry jedoch in das Haus seiner unangenehmen Muggelverwandten, der Dursleys, gebracht, die ihn in Sicherheit gebracht, ihn aber schlecht behandelt und ihn in einen Schrank gesperrt hatten ohne Mahlzeiten und als Diener zu behandeln. Hagrid lädt Harry dann offiziell ein, die Hogwarts School of Witchcraft and Wizardry zu besuchen, eine berühmte magische Schule in Schottland, die junge Teenager sieben Jahre lang über ihre magische Entwicklung im Alter von elf bis siebzehn Jahren aufklärt.

Mit Hagrids Hilfe bereitet sich Harry auf sein erstes Studienjahr in Hogwarts vor. Als Harry beginnt, die magische Welt zu erkunden, wird der Leser mit vielen der wichtigsten Orte der Serie vertraut gemacht. Harry trifft die meisten Hauptfiguren und gewinnt seine beiden engsten Freunde: Ron Weasley, ein lebenslustiges Mitglied einer alten, großen, glücklichen, aber armen Zauberfamilie, und Hermine Granger, eine begabte, helle und fleißige Hexe magische Abstammung. [14][15] Harry trifft auch auf den Zaubertränkemeister der Schule, Severus Snape, der eine auffallend tiefe und bleibende Abneigung gegen ihn zeigt, die reiche Göre Draco Malfoy, mit der er sich schnell zu Feinden macht, und den Lehrer für Verteidigung gegen die dunklen Künste, Quirinus Quirrell, der sich später als Lord Voldemort verbündet erweist. Er entdeckt auch ein Talent des Fliegens auf Besen und wird für das Quidditch-Team seines Hauses rekrutiert, eine Sportart in der Zaubererwelt, in der Spieler auf Besen fliegen. Das erste Buch endet mit Harrys zweiter Konfrontation mit Lord Voldemort, der bei seinem Streben nach der Wiedererlangung seines Körpers die Macht des Steines der Weisen sucht, einer Substanz, die ewiges Leben schenkt und jedes Metall in reines Gold verwandelt. [14]

Die Serie wird mit Harry Potter und der Chamber of Secrets fortgesetzt, in dem Harrys zweites Jahr in Hogwarts beschrieben wird. Er und seine Freunde untersuchen ein 50 Jahre altes Mysterium, das unheimlich mit den jüngsten unheimlichen Ereignissen in der Schule zusammenhängt. Rons jüngere Schwester, Ginny Weasley, schreibt sich in ihrem ersten Jahr in Hogwarts ein und findet ein altes Notizbuch in ihrem Hab und Gut, das sich als Tagebuch eines früheren Studenten, Tom Marvolo Riddle, herausstellt, der sich später als Voldemorts jüngeres Ich erwiesen hat über die Befreiung der Schule von "Schlammblut", einem abfälligen Begriff, der Zauberer und Hexen nicht-magischer Abstammung beschreibt. Die Erinnerung an Tom Riddle liegt im Tagebuch und als Ginny sich dem Tagebuch anvertraut, kann Voldemort sie besitzen. Durch das Tagebuch wirkt Ginny auf Voldemorts Befehl hin und öffnet unbewusst die "Kammer der Geheimnisse". Dabei wird ein uraltes Monster freigesetzt, das sich später als Basilisk herauskristallisiert, der die Studenten in Hogwarts angreift. Es tötet diejenigen, die direkten Blickkontakt mit ihm haben, und versteinert diejenigen, die es indirekt betrachten. Das Buch stellt auch einen neuen Lehrer für Verteidigung gegen die dunklen Künste vor, Gilderoy Lockhart, einen sehr fröhlichen, selbst eingebildeten Zauberer mit einer anmaßenden Fassade, der sich später als Betrug herausstellte. Harry entdeckt, dass es in der Zaubererwelt Vorurteile gibt, indem er in die Geschichte der Schule eintaucht, und erfährt, dass Voldemorts Schreckensherrschaft oft gegen Zauberer und Hexen gerichtet war, die von Muggeln abstammen. Harry lernt auch über die angeborene Fähigkeit von ihm, die Schlangensprache zu sprechen. Parseltongue ist selten und wird oft mit den Dunklen Künsten in Verbindung gebracht. Als Hermine angegriffen und versteinert wird, setzen Harry und Ron die Rätsel zusammen und schalten die Kammer der Geheimnisse frei. Harry zerstört das Tagebuch zum Guten und rettet Ginny sowie einen Teil von Voldemorts Seele. Das Ende des Buches zeigt, dass Lucius Malfoy, Dracos Vater und Rivale von Ron und Ginnys Vater, der Täter war, der das Buch in Ginnys Habseligkeiten steckte und das Tagebuch in Hogwarts einführte.

Der dritte Roman, Harry Potter und der Gefangene von Askaban folgt Harry in seinem dritten Jahr der magischen Ausbildung. Es ist das einzige Buch in der Reihe, das Lord Voldemort in keiner Form enthält. Stattdessen muss sich Harry mit dem Wissen auseinandersetzen, dass er von Sirius Black, dem besten Freund seines Vaters, und laut der Wizarding World ein entflohener Massenmörder, der den Mord an Harrys Eltern unterstützt hat, anvisiert wurde. Während Harry mit seiner Reaktion auf die Dementoren kämpft - dunkle Kreaturen, die die Fähigkeit haben, eine menschliche Seele zu verzehren und sich von Verzweiflung zu ernähren - die angeblich die Schule schützen, greift er zu Remus Lupin, einem Lehrer für Verteidigung gegen die dunklen Künste, der schließlich enthüllt wird ein Werwolf sein Lupin lehrt Harry Abwehrmaßnahmen, die weit über dem Maß an Magie liegen, das von Leuten seines Alters ausgeführt wird. Harry erfährt, dass sowohl Lupin als auch Black beste Freunde seines Vaters waren und Black von ihrem vierten Freund, Peter Pettigrew, umrahmt wurde, der sich als Rats Haustierratte, Scabbers, versteckt hatte. [16] In diesem Buch ein durchgängiges Thema Die Serie wird betont - in jedem Buch gibt es einen neuen Lehrer für Verteidigung gegen die dunklen Künste, von denen keiner mehr als ein Schuljahr dauert.


Voldemort kehrt zurück



Während Harrys viertes Schuljahr (detailliert in Harry Potter und der Feuerkelch ) tritt Harry unfreiwillig als Teilnehmer am Triwizard Tournament an, einem gefährlichen, aber aufregenden Wettbewerb Drei "Champions", einer von jeder teilnehmenden Schule, müssen in drei Aufgaben gegeneinander antreten, um den Triwizard Cup zu gewinnen. In diesem Jahr muss Harry gegen eine Hexe und einen "Zauberer" aus den überseeischen Schulen Beauxbatons und Durmstrang sowie gegen einen anderen Hogwarts-Schüler antreten, was Harrys Freunde dazu veranlasst, sich von ihm zu distanzieren. [17] Harry wird durch das Turnier geführt Der neue Professor für Verteidigung gegen die dunklen Künste, Alastor "Mad-Eye" Moody, der sich als Betrüger entpuppt - einer von Voldemorts Unterstützern, Barty Crouch, Jr., verkleidet. Der Punkt, an dem das Rätsel gelöst wird, markiert die Verschiebung der Serie von Vorahnung und Unsicherheit in offenen Konflikt. Voldemorts Plan, Crouch das Turnier nutzen zu lassen, um Harry zu Voldemort zu bringen, ist erfolgreich. Obwohl es Harry gelingt zu entkommen, wird Cedric Diggory, der andere Hogwarts-Champion im Turnier, von Peter Pettigrew getötet und Voldemort betritt die Zauberwelt erneut mit einem physischen Körper.

Im fünften Buch Harry Potter und der Orden des Phönix muss Harry sich dem neu aufgetauchten Voldemort stellen. Als Reaktion auf Voldemorts Wiedererscheinen reaktiviert Dumbledore den Order of the Phoenix, eine geheime Gesellschaft, die von Sirius Blacks dunklem Einfamilienhaus aus arbeitet, um Voldemorts Schergen zu besiegen und Voldemorts Ziele zu schützen, insbesondere Harry. Trotz Harrys Beschreibung der jüngsten Aktivitäten von Voldemort weigern sich das Zaubereiministerium und viele andere in der magischen Welt, an die Rückkehr von Voldemort zu glauben. In einem Versuch, Dumbledore, der zusammen mit Harry die prominenteste Stimme in der Wizarding World ist, die vor Voldemorts Rückkehr warnen will, zu kontern und schließlich zu diskreditieren, ernennt das Ministerium Dolores Umbridge zum Hochinquisitor von Hogwarts und zum neuen Lehrer für Verteidigung gegen die dunklen Künste . Sie verwandelt die Schule in ein diktatorisches Regime und weigert sich, den Schülern die Möglichkeit zu geben, sich gegen dunkle Magie zu verteidigen. [18]

Mit Ron und Hermiones Vorschlag formt Harry "Dumbledores Armee" Die geheime Arbeitsgruppe sollte seinen Klassenkameraden die höheren Fähigkeiten der Verteidigung gegen die dunklen Künste beibringen, die er aus seinen früheren Begegnungen mit dunklen Zauberern gelernt hat. Durch diese Lektionen beginnt Harry, sich in den beliebten und attraktiven Cho Chang zu verlieben. Jongliert Schularbeit, Umbridges unaufhörliche und beharrliche Bemühungen, ihn in Schwierigkeiten zu bringen, und den Verteidigungsunterricht. Harry beginnt zu schlafen, als er ständig verstörende Träume über einen dunklen Korridor im Zaubereiministerium empfängt, gefolgt von einem brennenden Verlangen. Eine wichtige Prophezeiung über Harry und Lord Voldemort wird daraufhin offenbart [19] und Harry entdeckt, dass er und Voldemort eine schmerzhafte Verbindung haben, wodurch Harry einige Aktionen von Voldemort telepathisch sehen kann. Beim Höhepunkt des Romans wird Harry dazu verleitet, Sirius gefoltert zu sehen und zum Zaubereiministerium zu rennen. Er und seine Freunde treten im Zaubereiministerium gegen Voldemorts Anhänger (genannt Todesser) an. Obwohl die rechtzeitige Ankunft von Mitgliedern des Ordens des Phönix das Leben der Jugendlichen rettet, wird Sirius Black im Konflikt getötet.

Im sechsten Buch Harry Potter und der Halbblutprinz beginnt Voldemort einen offenen Krieg. Harry und seine Freunde sind in Hogwarts relativ vor dieser Gefahr geschützt. Sie sind all den Schwierigkeiten der Adoleszenz unterworfen - Harry beginnt schließlich mit Ginny auszugehen, Ron entwickelt eine starke Verliebtheit mit dem anderen Hogwarts-Schüler Lavender Brown und Hermine beginnt, romantische Gefühle gegenüber Ron zu entwickeln. Am Anfang des Romans, ohne sein eigenes Buch, erhält Harry ein altes Lehrbuch für Zaubertränke, gefüllt mit vielen Anmerkungen und Empfehlungen, die von einem mysteriösen Schriftsteller mit dem Titel unterzeichnet wurden. "Der Halbblutprinz." Dieses Buch ist eine Quelle des scholastischen Erfolgs und der großen Anerkennung von ihrem neuen Zaubertränkemeister Horace Slughorn, aber aufgrund der Potenz der Zauber, die darin geschrieben werden, wird es zu einer Sorge. In der Nähe des Krieges nimmt Harry Privatunterricht bei Dumbledore, der ihm verschiedene Erinnerungen über das frühe Leben von Voldemort in einem Gerät namens Pensieve zeigt. Diese zeigen, dass Voldemort seine Seele in Stücke zersplittert hat, um sein Leben zu erhalten, und eine Reihe von Horkruxen geschaffen - böse verzauberte Gegenstände, die an verschiedenen Orten versteckt sind. Eines davon war das im zweiten Buch zerstörte Tagebuch. [20] Unterwegs Um einen Horcrux zu sammeln, versucht Draco, der sich mit den Todessern zusammengetan hat, Dumbledore anzugreifen, und das Buch gipfelt in der Tötung von Dumbledore durch Professor Snape, den offiziellen Halbblutprinzen.

Harry Potter und die Heiligtümer des Todes der letzte Originalroman der Serie, beginnt unmittelbar nach den Ereignissen des sechsten Buches. Lord Voldemort hat seinen Aufstieg zur Macht vollendet und die Kontrolle über das Zaubereiministerium erlangt. Harry, Ron und Hermine verlassen die Schule, um Voldemorts verbleibende Horkruxe zu finden und zu zerstören. Um ihre eigene Sicherheit sowie die ihrer Familie und Freunde zu gewährleisten, müssen sie sich isolieren. Ein Ghul gibt vor, Ron mit einer ansteckenden Krankheit krank zu sein, Harry und die Dursleys trennen sich, und Hermine wischt die Erinnerungen ihrer Eltern ab. Auf der Suche nach den Horkruxen erfährt das Trio Einzelheiten über eine uralte Prophezeiung über die Heiligtümer des Todes, drei legendäre Gegenstände, die, wenn sie unter einem Hüter vereint werden, dieser Person den Meister des Todes geben sollen. Harry entdeckt, dass sein praktischer Unsichtbarkeitsumhang einer dieser Gegenstände ist, und Voldemort, um nach einem anderen zu suchen: dem Elder Wand, dem mächtigsten Zauberstab der Geschichte. Am Ende des Buches erfahren Harry und seine Freunde über Dumbledores Vergangenheit sowie über Snapes wahre Motive - er hatte seit dem Mord an Harrys Mutter für Dumbledore gearbeitet. Schließlich wird Snape von Voldemort aus Paranoia getötet.

Das Buch gipfelt in der Schlacht von Hogwarts. Harry, Ron und Hermine verteidigen zusammen mit Mitgliedern des Ordens des Phönix und vielen Lehrern und Schülern Hogwarts vor Voldemort, seinen Todessern und verschiedenen gefährlichen magischen Kreaturen. In der ersten Welle der Schlacht werden mehrere Hauptfiguren getötet, darunter Remus Lupin und Fred Weasley, Rons älterer Bruder. Nachdem er erfahren hat, dass er selbst ein Horkrux ist, gibt Harry sich Voldemort im Verbotenen Wald hin, der einen tödlichen Fluch (Avada Kedavra) auf ihn wirft. Die Verteidiger von Hogwarts ergeben sich nicht, nachdem sie von Harrys mutmaßlichem Tod erfahren hatten, und kämpfen weiter. Harry erwacht und steht Voldemort gegenüber, dessen Horkruxe alle zerstört wurden. In der letzten Schlacht schlägt Voldemorts Fluch gegen Harrys Verteidigungszauber (Expelliarmus) zurück und tötet Voldemort.

Ein Epilog "Nineteen Years Later" (eingestellt am 1. September 2017) [21] beschreibt das Leben der überlebenden Charaktere und die Auswirkungen von Voldemorts Tod auf die Zauberwelt. Im Epilog sind Harry und Ginny mit drei Kindern verheiratet, und Ron und Hermine sind mit zwei Kindern verheiratet. [22]


Ergänzende Werke


Harry Potter und das verfluchte Kind



Harry Potter und das verfluchte Kind ein zweiteiliges Theaterstück aus dem West End. [23] Es wurde von Jack Thorne geschrieben, basierend auf einer Geschichte von JK Rowling, Thorne und Regisseur John Tiffany. Das Theaterstück wurde am 30. Juli 2016 im Palace Theatre, London, England eröffnet. Das Skript wurde am 31. Juli 2016 veröffentlicht. [24] Die Geschichte wird neunzehn Jahre nach dem Ende von [HarryPotterunddieHeiligtümerdesTodes gesetzt und folgt Harry Potter, der jetzt ein Angestellter des Zaubereiministeriums ist, und seinem jüngeren Sohn Albus Severus Potter. Die offizielle Zusammenfassung des Stücks wurde am 23. Oktober 2015 veröffentlicht: [25]


Es war immer schwierig, Harry Potter zu sein, und es ist nicht viel einfacher, dass er jetzt ein überarbeiteter Angestellter des Zaubereiministeriums ist, ein Ehemann und Vater dreier Schul- Alter Kinder.

Während Harry sich mit einer Vergangenheit auseinandersetzt, die nicht dort bleiben will, wo sie hingehört, muss sein jüngster Sohn Albus mit dem Gewicht eines Familienvermächtnisses kämpfen, das er nie wollte. Während Vergangenheit und Gegenwart unheilvoll miteinander verschmelzen, lernen Vater und Sohn die unbequeme Wahrheit: Manchmal kommt die Dunkelheit aus unerwarteten Orten.



Bücher im Universum



Rowling hat das Harry-Potter-Universum mit mehreren kurzen Büchern für verschiedene Wohltätigkeitsorganisationen erweitert. [26][27] Im Jahr 2001 veröffentlichte sie Fantastic Beasts und wo sie zu finden sind (angeblich) Hogwarts-Lehrbuch) und Quidditch im Wandel der Zeiten (ein Buch, das Harry zum Spaß liest). Der Erlös aus dem Verkauf dieser beiden Bücher kam der Wohltätigkeitsorganisation Comic Relief zugute. [28] 2007 komponierte Rowling sieben handschriftliche Exemplare von The Tales of Beedle the Bard einer Sammlung von Märchen, die im Finale vertreten ist Roman, von dem einer versteigert wurde, um Geld für die hochrangige Gruppe für Kinder zu sammeln, einen Fonds für geistig behinderte Kinder in armen Ländern. Das Buch wurde international am 4. Dezember 2008 veröffentlicht. [29][30] Rowling schrieb auch ein 800 Wörter umfassendes Prequel im Jahr 2008 als Teil einer Spendenaktion, die vom Buchhändler Waterstones organisiert wurde. [31] Alle drei dieser Bücher enthalten zusätzliche Informationen über die Zaubererwelt nicht in den Originalromanen enthalten.

2016 veröffentlichte sie drei neue E-Books: Hogwarts: Ein unvollständiger und unzuverlässiger Leitfaden Kurzgeschichten aus Hogwarts von Macht, Politik und Pesky-Poltergeisten
und Kurzgeschichten aus Hogwarts of Heroism, Hardship und Dangerous Hobbies . [32]


Pottermore-Website


Im Jahr 2011 startete Rowling eine neue Website, die ein bevorstehendes Projekt mit dem Namen Pottermore ankündigte am 14. April 2012 für die breite Öffentlichkeit zugänglich. [34] Pottermore erlaubt Benutzern, sortiert zu werden, mit ihrem Zauberstab ausgewählt zu werden und verschiedene Minispiele zu spielen. Der Hauptzweck der Website bestand darin, dem Benutzer eine Reise durch die Geschichte mit Zugang zu Inhalten zu ermöglichen, die JK Rowling zuvor nicht enthüllt hatte, mit über 18.000 Wörtern zusätzlichen Inhalts. [35]

Im September 2015 Die Website wurde komplett überarbeitet und die meisten Funktionen wurden entfernt. Die Site wurde neu gestaltet und konzentriert sich hauptsächlich auf die bereits verfügbaren Informationen und nicht auf die Erforschung. [36]


Struktur und Genre


Die Romane von Harry Potter richten sich hauptsächlich an ein junges, erwachsenes Publikum Publikum von mittleren Lesern, Kindern oder Erwachsenen. Die Romane fallen in das Genre der Fantasyliteratur und gelten als eine Art Fantasy, die als "Urban Fantasy", "Contemporary Fantasy" oder "Low Fantasy" bezeichnet wird. Sie sind hauptsächlich Dramen und behalten einen ziemlich ernsten und dunklen Ton bei, obwohl sie einige bemerkenswerte Fälle von Tragikomödie und schwarzem Humor enthalten. In vielerlei Hinsicht sind sie auch Beispiele für den bildungsroman oder den Roman des Romans [37] und enthalten Elemente des Mysteriums, des Abenteuers, des Horrors, des Thrillers und der Romantik. In den Worten von Stephen King handelt es sich ebenfalls um "clevere Mystery Tales" [38] und jedes Buch ist in der Art eines Mystery-Abenteuers im Sherlock-Holmes-Stil aufgebaut. Die Geschichten werden mit wenigen Ausnahmen aus einem dritten Personenkreis erzählt (wie die Eröffnungskapitel von Philosopher's Stone Feuerkelch und Deathly Hallows ) und die ersten beiden Kapitel von Halbblutprinz ).

Die Serie kann als Teil des britischen Kinderinternats-Genres betrachtet werden, zu dem Rudyard Kiplings Stalky & Co., Enid Blytons Malory Towers St. Clares und die Naughtiest Girl -Serie, und Frank Richards Billy Bunter Romane: Die Harry Potter Bücher sind überwiegend in Hogwarts, einer fiktionalen britischen Internatsschule, untergebracht für Zauberer, wo der Lehrplan die Verwendung von Magie beinhaltet. [39] In diesem Sinne stehen sie "in einer direkten Linie von Thomas Browns" School Days " von Thomas Hughes und anderen viktorianischen und edwardianischen Romanen der britischen öffentlichen Schule das Leben ", obwohl sie, wie viele feststellen, zeitgenössischer, düsterer, düsterer und reifer sind als der typische Roman der Internatsschule und sich mit ernsten Themen des Todes, der Liebe, des Verlusts, der Vorurteile, des Erwachsenwerdens und des Verlusts von Unschuld in einer britischen Kulisse der 1990er Jahre [40]

Die Harry Potter -Geschichten enthalten viele mittelalterliche Bilder und Motive, die aus den Geschichten von King Arthur stammen . Hogwarts ähnelt einer mittelalterlichen Universitätsburg mit mehreren Professoren, die einem Merliner Orden angehören. Der alte Professor Binns hält noch Vorlesungen über die Internationale Warlock Convention von 1289; und eine echte historische Person, ein Schriftgelehrter aus dem 14. Jahrhundert, Sir Nicolas Flamel, wird als Inhaber des Stein der Weisen beschrieben. [42] Weitere mittelalterliche Elemente in Hogwarts umfassen Wappen und mittelalterliche Waffen an den Wänden, auf Pergament geschriebene Briefe Die Große Halle von Hogwarts, die der Großen Halle von Camelot ähnelt, die Verwendung von lateinischen Phrasen. Die für Quidditch-Turniere aufgestellten Zelte ähneln den "wunderbaren Zelten" für Ritterturniere, imaginäre Tiere wie Drachen und Einhörner, die um Hogwarts herum existieren, und die Banner mit heraldischen Tieren für die vier Häuser von Hogwarts. [42] Viele Motive der Potter-Geschichten, wie die Suche des Helden, die Unsichtbarkeit hervorruft, zauberhafte Tiere und Bäume, einen Wald voll der Gefahr und die Anerkennung eines auf Narben basierenden Charakters stammen aus mittelalterlichen französischen Artus-Romanzen. [42] Andere Aspekte, die den französischen Arthur-Romanen entlehnt wurden, schließen die Verwendung von Eulen als Mittelalter ein Sengers, Werwölfe als Figuren und weiße Hirsche. [43] Insbesondere die amerikanischen Gelehrten Heather Arden und Kathrn Lorenz argumentieren, dass viele Aspekte der Potter-Geschichten von einer französischen Arthursromantik aus dem 14. Jahrhundert inspiriert werden Claris und Laris . [42] Arden und Lorenz stellten fest, dass Rowling 1986 an der University of Exeter einen Abschluss in französischer Literatur absolvierte und anschließend ein Jahr in Frankreich lebte. [43]

Arnden und Lorenz schrieben über die Ähnlichkeit zwischen den Artus-Romanzen, wo Camelot ein Ort des Staunens und der Sicherheit ist, und aus den heroischen Rittern muss man sich mit verschiedenen Gefahren auseinandersetzen Wald; und Hogwarts, ebenfalls ein wundersamer sicherer Ort, an dem sich Harry Potter und seine Freunde regelmäßig in den magischen Wald um Hogwarts begeben müssen. [43] So wie Ritter in den Artus-Romanzen normalerweise eine Helferin haben, die sehr intelligent ist und hat eine Verbindung zur Natur, Harry hat Hermine, die eine ähnliche Rolle spielt. [43] Wie ein artenianischer Ritter erhält Harry Rat und Ermutigung von seinem Mentor Albus Dumbldore, der sowohl Merlin als auch König Arthur ähnelt, aber seine Feinde allein besiegen muss [43] Arnden und Lorenz schrieben, dass die Figuren mit Rowlings Büchern "... keine einfache Überarbeitung der bekannten Helden der Romantik sind, sondern eine proteanische Verschmelzung verschiedener Figuren, um neue zu bilden ...". [43] Lorenz und Arnden argumentieren jedoch, die Hauptinspiration für Harry Potter war Sir Percival, einer der Ritter des Runden Tisches, der nach dem Heiligen Gral sucht. [43] Sowohl Potter als auch Sir Percival hatten ein verwaistes oder halb verwaistes Kind h, mit inhärentem Adel und Mächten ", die von Verwandten erzogen wurden, die versuchten, sie von den Orten fernzuhalten, zu denen sie wirklich gehören, Hogwarts und Camelot. [43] Sowohl Percival als auch Potter sind jedoch Außenseiter an den Orten, an die sie gehören, und sind ihnen unbekannt mit den Regeln des Ritters und der Magie, aber beide zeigen außergewöhnliche natürliche Fähigkeiten, wobei Percival sich als außergewöhnlicher Kämpfer erweist, während Potter ein hervorragender Quidditchspieler ist. [43] Und schließlich fanden sowohl Percival als auch Potter Liebe und Akzeptanz bei den Ersatzfamilien Form der Ritter der Tafelrunde und der Weasley-Familie [43]

Jedes der sieben Bücher ist über ein Schuljahr verteilt. Harry kämpft mit den Problemen, denen er begegnet, und der Umgang mit ihnen erfordert oft die Verletzung einiger Schulregeln. Wenn Studenten erwischt werden, dass sie gegen Regeln verstoßen, werden sie häufig von Hogwarts-Professoren diszipliniert. Die Geschichten erreichen ihren Höhepunkt im Sommersemester, in der Nähe von oder kurz nach den Abschlussprüfungen, wenn die Ereignisse weit über die Konflikte und Kämpfe hinausgehen und Harry entweder mit Voldemort oder einem seiner Anhänger, den Todessern, zu tun hat von Leben und Tod - ein Punkt, der im Verlauf der Serie durch die Tötung von Charakteren in jedem der letzten vier Bücher unterstrichen wird. [44][45] In der Folgezeit lernt er wichtige Lektionen durch Exposition und Diskussionen mit Schulleiter und Mentor Albus Dumbledore. Die einzige Ausnahme von dieser schulzentrierten Umgebung ist der letzte Roman, Harry Potter und die Heiligtümer des Todes in dem Harry und seine Freunde die meiste Zeit außerhalb von Hogwarts verbringen und nur dort zurückkehren, um sich Voldemort zu stellen Der Dénouement . [44]


Themes


Laut Rowling ist das Hauptthema der Serie der Tod: "In meinen Büchern geht es hauptsächlich um den Tod. Sie öffnen sich mit dem Tod von Harrys Eltern. Es gibt Voldemorts Obsession mit der Eroberung des Todes und seinem Streben nach Unsterblichkeit um jeden Preis, das Ziel eines jeden mit Magie. Ich verstehe, warum Voldemort den Tod besiegen will. Wir haben alle Angst davor. " [6]

Rowling stated that "Harry Potter books have always, in fact, dealt explicitly with religious themes and questions" and that she did not reveal its Christian parallels in the beginning because doing so would have "give[n] too much away to fans who might then see the paralle ls."[46] In the final book of the series Harry Potter and the Deathly HallowsRowling makes the book's Christian imagery more explicit, quoting both Matthew 6:19 and 1 Corinthians 15:26 when Harry visits his parents' graves.[46]Hermione Granger teaches Harry Potter that the meaning of these verses from the Christian Bible are "living beyond death. Living after death", which Rowling states is "one of the central foundations of resurrection theology" and that these bible verses "epitomize the whole series".[46][47][48] Rowling also exhibits Christian values in developing Albus Dumbledore as a God-like character, the divine, trusted leader of the series, guiding the long-suffering hero along his quest. In the seventh novel, Harry speaks with and questions the deceased Dumbledore much like a person of faith would talk to and question God.[49]

Academics and journalists have developed many other interpretations of themes in the books, some more complex than others, and some including political subtexts. Themes such as normality, oppression, survival, and overcoming imposing odds have all been considered as prevalent throughout the series.[50] Similarly, the theme of making one's way through adolescence and "going over one's most harrowing ordeals – and thus coming to terms with them" has also bee n considered.[51] Rowling has stated that the books comprise "a prolonged argument for tolerance, a prolonged plea for an end to bigotry" and that they also pass on a message to "question authority and... not assume that the establishment or the press tells you all of the truth".[52]

While the books could be said to comprise many other themes, such as power/abuse of power, violence and hatred, love, loss, prejudice, and free choice, they are, as Rowling states, "deeply entrenched in the whole plot"; the writer prefers to let themes "grow organically", rather than sitting down and consciously attempting to impart such ideas to her readers.[7] Along the same lines is the ever-present theme of adolescence, in whose depiction Rowling has been purposeful in acknowledging her characters' sexualities and not leaving Harry, as she put it, "stuck in a state of permanent pre-pubescence". Rowling has also been praised for her nuanced depiction of the ways in which death and violence affects youth, and humanity as a whole.[53]

Rowling said that, to her, the moral significance of the tales seems "blindingly obvious". The key for her was the choice between what is right and what is easy, "because that ... is how tyranny is started, with people being apathetic and taking the easy route and suddenly finding themselves in deep trouble."[54]


Origins



In 1990, Rowling was on a crowded train from Manchester to London when the idea for Harry suddenly "fell into her head". Rowling gives an account of the experience on her website saying:[55]


"I had been writing almost continuously since the age of six but I had never been so excited about an idea before. I simply sat and thought, for four (delayed train) hours, and all the details bubbled up in my brain, and this scrawny, black-haired, bespectacled boy who did not know he was a wizard became more and more real to me."


Rowling completed Harry Potter and the Philosopher's Stone in 1995 and the manuscript was sent off to several prospective agents.[56] The second agent she tried, Christopher Little, offered to represent her and sent the manuscript to Bloomsbury.


Publishing history


J.K. Rowling, a blond, blue-eyed woman, who is the author of the series
The logo used in British, Australian, and Canadian editions before 2010, which uses the typeface Cochin Bold.[57]

After eight other publishers had rejected Philosopher's StoneBloomsbury offered Rowling a £2,500 advance for its publication.[58][59] Despite Rowling's statement that she did not have any particular age group in mind when beginning to write the Harry Potter books, the publishers initially targeted children aged nine to eleven.[60] On the eve of publishing, Rowling was asked by her publishers to adopt a more gender-neutral pen name in order to appeal to the male members of this age group, fearing that they would not be interested in reading a novel they knew to be written by a woman. She elected to use J. K. Rowling (Joanne Kathleen Rowling), using her grandmother's name as her second name because she has no middle name.[59][61]

Harry Potter and the Philosopher's Stone was published by Bloomsbury, the publisher of all Harry Potter books in the United Kingdom, on 26 June 1997.[62] It was released in the United States on 1 September 1998 by Scholastic – the American publisher of the books – as Harry Potter and the Sorcerer's Stone,[63] after Rowling had received US$105,000 for the American rights – a record amount for a children's book by an unknown author.[64] Fearing that American readers would not associate the word "philosopher" with magic (although the Philosopher's Stone is an ancient tradition in alchemy), Scholastic insisted that the book be given the title Harry Potter and the Sorcerer's Stone for the American market.[65]

The second book, Harry Potter and the Chamber of Secretswas originally published in the UK on 2 July 1998 and in the US on 2 June 1999. Harry Potter and the Prisoner of Azkaban was published a year later in the UK on 8 July 1999 and in the US on 8 September 1999.[66]Harry Potter and the Goblet of Fire was published on 8 July 2000 at the same time by Bloomsbury and Scholastic.[67]Harry Potter and the Order of the Phoenix is the longest book in the series, at 766 pages in the UK version and 870 pages in the US version.[68] It was published worldwide in English on 21 June 2003.[69]Harry Potter and the Half-Blood Prince was published on 16 July 2005; it sold 9 million copies in the first 24 hours of its worldwide release.[70][71] The seventh and final novel, Harry Potter and the Deathly Hallowswas published on 21 July 2007.[72] The book sold 11 million copies in the first 24 hours of release, breaking down to 2.7 million copies in the UK and 8.3 million in the US.[71]


Translations



The Russian translation of The Deathly Hallows goes on sale in Moscow, 2007

The series has been translated into 80 languages,[3] placing Rowling among the most translated authors in history.[73] The books have seen translations to diverse languages such as Korean, Armenian, Ukrainian, Arabic, Urdu, Hindi, Bengali, Bulgarian, Welsh, Afrikaans, Albanian, Latvian, Vietnamese and Hawaiian. The first volume has been translated into Latin and even Ancient Greek,[74] making it the longest published work in Ancient Greek since the novels of Heliodorus of Emesa in the 3rd century AD.[75] The second volume has also been translated into Latin.[76]

Some of the translators hired to work on the books were well-known authors before their work on Harry Pottersuch as Viktor Golyshev, who oversaw the Russian translation of the series' fifth book. The Turkish translation of books two to seven was undertaken by Sevin Okyay, a popular literary critic and cultural commentator.[77] For reasons of secrecy, translation on a given book could only start after it had been released in English, leading to a lag of several months before the translations were available. This led to more and more copies of the English editions being sold to impatient fans in non-English speaking countries; for example, such was the clamour to read the fifth book that its English language edition became the first English-language book ever to top the best-seller list in France.[78]

The United States editions were adapted into American English to make them more understandable to a young American audience.[79]


Completion of the series


In December 2005, Rowling stated on her web site, "2006 will be the year when I write the final book in the Harry Potter series."[80] Updates then followed in her online diary chronicling the progress of Harry Potter and the Deathly Hallowswith the release date of 21 July 2007. The book itself was finished on 11 January 2007 in the Balmoral Hotel, Edinburgh, where she scrawled a message on the back of a bust of Hermes. It read: "J. K. Rowling finished writing Harry Potter and the Deathly Hallows in this room (552) on 11 January 2007."[81]

Rowling herself has stated that the last chapter of the final book (in fact, the epilogue) was completed "in something like 1990".[82][83] In June 2006, Rowling, on an appearance on the British talk show Richard & Judyannounced that the chapter had been modified as one character "got a reprieve" and two others who previously survived the story had in fact been killed. On 28 March 2007, the cover art for the Bloomsbury Adult and Child versions and the Scholastic version were released.[84][85]

In September 2012, Rowling mentioned in an interview that she might go back to make a "director's cut" of two of the existing Harry Potter books.[86]


Cover art


For cover art, Bloomsbury chose painted art in a classic style of design, with the first cover a watercolour and pencil drawing by illustrator Thomas Taylor showing Harry boarding the Hogwarts Express, and a title in the font Cochin Bold.[87] The first releases of the successive books in the series followed in the same style but somewhat more realistic, illustrating scenes from the books. These covers were created by first Cliff Wright and then Jason Cockroft.[88]

Due to the appeal of the books among an adult audience, Bloomsbury commissioned a second line of editions in an 'adult' style. These initially used black-and-white photographic art for the covers showing objects from the books (including a very American Hogwarts Express) without depicting people, but later shifted to partial colourisation with a picture of Slytherin's locket on the cover of the final book.

International and later editions have been created by a range of designers, including Mary GrandPré for U.S. audiences and Mika Launis in Finland.[89][90] For a later American release, Kazu Kibuishi created covers in a somewhat anime-influenced style.[91][92]


Achievements



Cultural impact



Fans of the series were so eager for the latest instalment that bookstores around the world began holding events to coincide with the midnight release of the books, beginning with the 2000 publication of Harry Potter and the Goblet of Fire. The events, commonly featuring mock sorting, games, face painting, and other live entertainment have achieved popularity with Potter fans and have been highly successful in attracting fans and selling books with nearly nine million of the 10.8 million initial print copies of Harry Potter and the Half-Blood Prince sold in the first 24 hours.[93][94]

The final book in the series, Harry Potter and the Deathly Hallows became the fastest selling book in history, moving 11 million units in the first twenty-four hours of release.[95] The series has also gathered adult fans, leading to the release of two editions of each Harry Potter book, identical in text but with one edition's cover artwork aimed at children and the other aimed at adults.[96] Besides meeting online through blogs, podcasts, and fansites, Harry Potter super-fans can also meet at Harry Potter symposia.

The word Muggle has spread beyond its Harry Potter origins, becoming one of few pop culture words to land in the Oxford English Dictionary.[97] The Harry Potter fandom has embraced podcasts as a regular, often weekly, insight to the latest discussion in the fandom. Both MuggleCast and PotterCast[98] have reached the top spot of iTunes podcast rankings and have been polled one of the top 50 favourite podcasts.[99]

Some lessons identified in the series include diversity, acceptance, political tolerance, and equality. Surveys of over 1,000 college students in the United States show that those who read the books were significantly different than those who had not. Readers of the series were found to be more tolerant, more opposed to violence and torture, less authoritarian, and less cynical. Although it is not known if this is a cause-and-effect relationship, there is a clear correlation, and it seems that Harry Potter's cultural impact may be stronger than just a fandom bond.[100]

Many fan fiction and fan art works about Harry Potter have been made. In March 2007, "Harry Potter" was the most commonly searched fan fiction subject on the internet.[101] At the University of Michigan in 2009, StarKid Productions performed an original musical parodying the Harry Potter series called A Very Potter Musical. The musical was awarded Entertainment Weekly's 10 Best Viral Videos of 2009.[102]

The sport Quidditch, played by characters in the Harry Potter series, was created in 2005 and is played worldwide.[103] Characters and elements from the series have inspired scientific names of several organisms, including the dinosaur Dracorex hogwartsiathe spider Eriovixia gryffindorithe wasp Ampulex dementorand the crab Harryplax severus.[104]


Commercial success



A large crowd of fans wait outside of a Borders store in Delaware, waiting for the release of Harry Potter and the Half-Blood Prince

The popularity of the Harry Potter series has translated into substantial financial success for Rowling, her publishers, and other Harry Potter related license holders. This success has made Rowling the first and thus far only billionaire author.[105] The books have sold more than 500 million copies worldwide and have also given rise to the popular film adaptations produced by Warner Bros., all of which have been highly successful in their own right.[106][107] The films have in turn spawned eight video games and have led to the licensing of more than 400 additional Harry Potter products. The Harry Potter brand has been estimated to be worth as much as $25 billion.[4]

The great demand for Harry Potter books motivated The New York Times to create a separate best-seller list for children's literature in 2000, just before the release of Harry Potter and the Goblet of Fire. By 24 June 2000, Rowling's novels had been on the list for 79 straight weeks; the first three novels were each on the hardcover best-seller list.[108] On 12 April 2007, Barnes & Noble declared that Deathly Hallows had broken its pre-order record, with more than 500,000 copies pre-ordered through its site.[109] For the release of Goblet of Fire9,000 FedEx trucks were used with no other purpose than to deliver the book.[110] Together, Amazon.com and Barnes & Noble pre-sold more than 700,000 copies of the book.[110] In the United States, the book's initial printing run was 3.8 million copies.[110] This record statistic was broken by Harry Potter and the Order of the Phoenixwith 8.5 million, which was then shattered by Half-Blood Prince with 10.8 million copies.[111] 6.9 million copies of Prince were sold in the U.S. within the first 24 hours of its release; in the United Kingdom more than two million copies were sold on the first day.[112] The initial U.S. print run for Deathly Hallows was 12 million copies, and more than a million were pre-ordered through Amazon and Barnes & Noble.[113]


Awards, honours, and recognition


The Harry Potter series has been recognised by a host of awards since the initial publication of Philosopher's Stone including four Whitaker Platinum Book Awards (all of which were awarded in 2001),[114] three Nestlé Smarties Book Prizes (1997–1999),[115] two Scottish Arts Council Book Awards (1999 and 2001),[116] the inaugural Whitbread children's book of the year award (1999),[117] the WHSmith book of the year (2006),[118] among others. In 2000, Harry Potter and the Prisoner of Azkaban was nominated for a Hugo Award for Best Novel, and in 2001, Harry Potter and the Goblet of Fire won said award.[119] Honours include a commendation for the Carnegie Medal (1997),[120] a short listing for the Guardian Children's Award (1998), and numerous listings on the notable books, editors' Choices, and best books lists of the American Library Association, The New York TimesChicago Public Library, and Publishers Weekly.[121]

In 2002, British sociologist Andrew Blake named Harry Potter among the icons of British popular culture along with the likes of James Bond and Sherlock Holmes.[122] In 2003, four of the books were named in the top 24 of the BBC's The Big Read survey of the best loved novels in the UK.[123] A 2004 study found that books in the series were commonly read aloud in elementary schools in San Diego County, California.[124] Based on a 2007 online poll, the U.S. National Education Association listed the series in its "Teachers' Top 100 Books for Children".[125] Three of the books placed among the "Top 100 Chapter Books" of all time, or children's novels, in a 2012 survey published by School Library Journal: Sorcerer's Stone ranked number three, Prisoner of Azkaban 12th, and Goblet of Fire 98th.[126] In 2012, the opening ceremony of the 2012 Summer Olympics in London featured a 100-foot tall rendition of Lord Voldemort in a segment designed to show off the UK's cultural icons.[127]


Reception


Literary criticism


Early in its history, Harry Potter received positive reviews. On publication, the first book, Harry Potter and the Philosopher's Stoneattracted attention from the Scottish newspapers, such as The Scotsmanwhich said it had "all the makings of a classic,"[128] and The Glasgow Heraldwhich called it "Magic stuff."[128] Soon the English newspapers joined in, with more than one comparing it to Roald Dahl's work: The Mail on Sunday rated it as "the most imaginative debut since Roald Dahl",[128] a view echoed by The Sunday Times ("comparisons to Dahl are, this time, justified"),[128] while The Guardian called it "a richly textured novel given lift-off by an inventive wit."[128]

By the time of the release of the fifth book, Harry Potter and the Order of the Phoenix, the books began to receive strong criticism from a number of literary scholars. Yale professor, literary scholar, and critic Harold Bloom raised criticisms of the books' literary merits, saying, "Rowling's mind is so governed by clichés and dead metaphors that she has no other style of writing."[129]A. S. Byatt authored an op-ed article in The New York Times calling Rowling's universe a "secondary secondary world, made up of intelligently patchworked derivative motifs from all sorts of children's literature ... written for people whose imaginative lives are confined to TV cartoons, and the exaggerated (more exciting, not threatening) mirror-worlds of soaps, reality TV and celebrity gossip."[130]

Michael Rosen, a novelist and poet, advocated the books were not suited for children, as they would be unable to grasp the complex themes. Rosen also stated that "J. K. Rowling is more of an adult writer."[131] The critic Anthony Holden wrote in The Observer on his experience of judging Harry Potter and the Prisoner of Azkaban for the 1999 Whitbread Awards. His overall view of the series was negative – "the Potter saga was essentially patronising, conservative, highly derivative, dispiritingly nostalgic for a bygone Britain," and he speaks of "a pedestrian, ungrammatical prose style."[132]Ursula K. Le Guin said, "I have no great opinion of it. When so many adult critics were carrying on about the 'incredible originality' of the first Harry Potter book, I read it to find out what the fuss was about, and remained somewhat puzzled; it seemed a lively kid's fantasy crossed with a 'school novel,' good fare for its age group, but stylistically ordinary, imaginatively derivative, and ethically rather mean-spirited."[133]

By contrast, author Fay Weldon, while admitting that the series is "not what the poets hoped for," nevertheless goes on to say, "but this is not poetry, it is readable, saleable, everyday, useful prose."[134] The literary critic A. N. Wilson praised the Harry Potter series in The Timesstating, "There are not many writers who have JK's Dickensian ability to make us turn the pages, to weep – openly, with tears splashing – and a few pages later to laugh, at invariably good jokes ... We have lived through a decade in which we have followed the publication of the liveliest, funniest, scariest and most moving children's stories ever written."[135] Charles Taylor of Salon.com, who is primarily a movie critic,[136] took issue with Byatt's criticisms in particular. While he conceded that she may have "a valid cultural point – a teeny one – about the impulses that drive us to reassuring pop trash and away from the troubling complexities of art,"[137] he rejected her claims that the series is lacking in serious literary merit and that it owes its success merely to the childhood reassurances it offers. Taylor stressed the progressively darker tone of the books, shown by the murder of a classmate and close friend and the psychological wounds and social isolation each causes. Taylor also argued that Philosopher's Stonesaid to be the most light-hearted of the seven published books, disrupts the childhood reassurances that Byatt claims spur the series' success: the book opens with news of a double murder, for example.[137]

Stephen King called the series "a feat of which only a superior imagination is capable," and declared "Rowling's punning, one-eyebrow-cocked sense of humor" to be "remarkable." However, he wrote that despite the story being "a good one," he is "a little tired of discovering Harry at home with his horrible aunt and uncle," the formulaic beginning of all seven books.[38] King has also joked that "Rowling's never met an adverb she did not like!" He does however predict that Harry Potter "will indeed stand time's test and wind up on a shelf where only the best are kept; I think Harry will take his place with Alice, Huck, Frodo, and Dorothy and this is one series not just for the decade, but for the ages."[138] Sameer Rahim of The Daily Telegraph disagreed, saying "It depresses me to see 16 and 17 year-olds reading the series when they could be reading the great novels of childhood such as Oliver Twist or A House for Mr Biswas. What that says about the adults who are fanatical fans I'm not sure – but I suspect in years to come people will make a link between our plump, comfortable, infantilising society and the popularity of Potter."[139]

There is ongoing discussion regarding the extent to which the series was inspired by Tolkien's Lord of the Rings books.[140]


Social impact


Although Time magazine named Rowling as a runner-up for its 2007 Person of the Year award, noting the social, moral, and political inspiration she has given her fandom,[141] cultural comments on the series have been mixed. Washington Post book critic Ron Charles opined in July 2007 that the large numbers of adults reading the Potter series but few other books may represent a "bad case of cultural infantilism", and that the straightforward "good vs. evil" theme of the series is "childish". He also argued "through no fault of Rowling's", the cultural and marketing "hysteria" marked by the publication of the later books "trains children and adults to expect the roar of the coliseum, a mass-media experience that no other novel can possibly provide".[142]

Librarian Nancy Knapp pointed out the books' potential to improve literacy by motivating children to read much more than they otherwise would.[143] The seven-book series has a word count of 1,083,594 (US edition). Agreeing about the motivating effects, Diane Penrod also praised the books' blending of simple entertainment with "the qualities of highbrow literary fiction", but expressed concern about the distracting effect of the prolific merchandising that accompanies the book launches.[144] However, the assumption that Harry Potter books have increased literacy among young people is "largely a folk legend."[145] Research by the National Endowment for the Arts (NEA) has found no increase in reading among children coinciding with the Harry Potter publishing phenomenon, nor has the broader downward trend in reading among Americans been arrested during the rise in the popularity of the Harry Potter books.[145][146] The research also found that children who read Harry Potter books were not more likely to go on to read outside the fantasy and mystery genres.[145] NEA chairman Dana Gioia said the series, "got millions of kids to read a long and reasonably complex series of books. The trouble is that one Harry Potter novel every few years is not enough to reverse the decline in reading."[147]

Jennifer Conn used Snape's and Quidditch coach Madam Hooch's teaching methods as examples of what to avoid and what to emulate in clinical teaching,[148] and Joyce Fields wrote that the books illustrate four of the five main topics in a typical first-year sociology class: "sociological concepts including culture, society, and socialisation; stratification and social inequality; social institutions; and social theory".[149]

From the early 2000s onwards several news reports appeared in the UK of the Harry Potter book and movie series driving demand for pet owls[150] and even reports that after the end of the movie series these same pet owls were now being abandoned by their owners.[151] This led J. K. Rowling to issue several statements urging Harry Potter fans to refrain from purchasing pet owls.[152] Despite the media flurry, research into the popularity of Harry Potter and sales of owls in the UK failed to find any evidence that the Harry Potter franchise had influenced the buying of owls in the country or the number of owls reaching animal shelters and sanctuaries.[153]

Jenny Sawyer wrote in Christian Science Monitor on 25 July 2007 that the books represent a "disturbing trend in commercial storytelling and Western society" in that stories "moral center [sic] have all but vanished from much of today's pop culture ... after 10 years, 4,195 pages, and over 375 million copies, J. K. Rowling's towering achievement lacks the cornerstone of almost all great children's literature: the hero's moral journey". Harry Potter, Sawyer argues, neither faces a "moral struggle" nor undergoes any ethical growth, and is thus "no guide in circumstances in which right and wrong are anything less than black and white".[154] In contrast Emily Griesinger described Harry's first passage through to Platform ​9 3⁄4 as an application of faith and hope, and his encounter with the Sorting Hat as the first of many in which Harry is shaped by the choices he makes. She also noted the "deeper magic" by which the self-sacrifice of Harry's mother protects the boy throughout the series, and which the power-hungry Voldemort fails to understand.[155]

In an 8 November 2002 Slate article, Chris Suellentrop likened Potter to a "trust-fund kid whose success at school is largely attributable to the gifts his friends and relatives lavish upon him". Noting that in Rowling's fiction, magical ability potential is "something you are born to, not something you can achieve", Suellentrop wrote that Dumbledore's maxim that "It is our choices that show what we truly are, far more than our abilities" is hypocritical, as "the school that Dumbledore runs values native gifts above all else".[156] In a 12 August 2007, review of Deathly Hallows in The New York Timeshowever, Christopher Hitchens praised Rowling for "unmooring" her "English school story" from literary precedents "bound up with dreams of wealth and class and snobbery", arguing that she had instead created "a world of youthful democracy and diversity".[157]

In 2010, coinciding with the release of the film Harry Potter and the Deathly Hallows Part 1, a series of articles were written about Private Harry Potter of the British army.[158] This real-life Harry Potter was killed in the Arab Revolt near Hebron in 1939. His grave, located in the British cemetery in Ramla, Israel, began to receive curious visitors leading the Ramla Municipality to list it on their website.[159]

In 2016, an article written by Diana C. Mutz compares the politics of Harry Potter to the 2016 Donald Trump presidential campaign. She states that 3 themes throughout the books are widely predominant '1) the value of tolerance and respect for difference; 2) opposition to violence and punitiveness; and 3) the dangers of authoritarianism.' She suggests that these themes are also present in the presidential election and it may play a significant role in how Americans have responded to the campaign.[160]


Controversies



The books have been the subject of a number of legal proceedings, stemming from various conflicts over copyright and trademark infringements. The popularity and high market value of the series has led Rowling, her publishers, and film distributor Warner Bros. to take legal measures to protect their copyright, which have included banning the sale of Harry Potter imitations, targeting the owners of websites over the "Harry Potter" domain name, and suing author Nancy Stouffer to counter her accusations that Rowling had plagiarised her work.[161][162][163] Various religious conservatives have claimed that the books promote witchcraft and religions such as Wicca and are therefore unsuitable for children,[164][165] while a number of critics have criticised the books for promoting various political agendas.[166][167]

The books also aroused controversies in the literary and publishing worlds. From 1997 to 1998, Harry Potter and the Philosopher's Stone won almost all the UK awards judged by children, but none of the children's book awards judged by adults,[168] and Sandra Beckett suggested the reason was intellectual snobbery towards books that were popular among children.[169] In 1999, the winner of the Whitbread Book of the Year award children's division was entered for the first time on the shortlist for the main award, and one judge threatened to resign if Harry Potter and the Prisoner of Azkaban was declared the overall winner; it finished second, very close behind the winner of the poetry prize, Seamus Heaney's translation of the Anglo-Saxon epic Beowulf.[169]

In 2000, shortly before the publication of Harry Potter and the Goblet of Firethe previous three Harry Potter books topped The New York Times fiction best-seller list and a third of the entries were children's books. The newspaper created a new children's section covering children's books, including both fiction and non-fiction, and initially counting only hardback sales. The move was supported by publishers and booksellers.[108] In 2004, The New York Times further split the children's list, which was still dominated by Harry Potter books into sections for series and individual books, and removed the Harry Potter books from the section for individual books.[170] The split in 2000 attracted condemnation, praise and some comments that presented both benefits and disadvantages of the move.[171]Time suggested that, on the same principle, Billboard should have created a separate "mop-tops" list in 1964 when the Beatles held the top five places in its list, and Nielsen should have created a separate game-show list when Who Wants to Be a Millionaire? dominated the ratings.[172]


Adaptations


Films



The red locomotive train used as the
The locomotive that features as the "Hogwarts Express" in the film series.

In 1998, Rowling sold the film rights of the first four Harry Potter books to Warner Bros. for a reported £1 million ($1,982,900).[173][174] Rowling demanded the principal cast be kept strictly British, nonetheless allowing for the inclusion of Irish actors such as the late Richard Harris as Dumbledore, and for casting of French and Eastern European actors in Harry Potter and the Goblet of Fire where characters from the book are specified as such.[175] After many directors including Steven Spielberg, Terry Gilliam, Jonathan Demme, and Alan Parker were considered, Chris Columbus was appointed on 28 March 2000 as the director for Harry Potter and the Philosopher's Stone (titled "Harry Potter and the Sorcerer's Stone" in the United States), with Warner Bros. citing his work on other family films such as Home Alone and Mrs. Doubtfire and proven experience with directing children as influences for their decision.[176]

After extensive casting, filming began in October 2000 at Leavesden Film Studios and in London itself, with production ending in July 2001.[177][178]Philosopher's Stone was released on 14 November 2001. Just three days after the film's release, production for Harry Potter and the Chamber of Secretsalso directed by Columbus, began. Filming was completed in summer 2002, with the film being released on 15 November 2002.[179]Daniel Radcliffe portrayed Harry Potter, doing so for all succeeding films in the franchise.

Columbus declined to direct Harry Potter and the Prisoner of Azkabanonly acting as producer. Mexican director Alfonso Cuarón took over the job, and after shooting in 2003, the film was released on 4 June 2004. Due to the fourth film beginning its production before the third's release, Mike Newell was chosen as the director for Harry Potter and the Goblet of Firereleased on 18 November 2005.[180] Newell became the first British director of the series, with television director David Yates following suit after he was chosen to helm Harry Potter and the Order of the Phoenix. Production began in January 2006 and the film was released the following year in July 2007.[181] After executives were "really delighted" with his work on the film, Yates was selected to direct Harry Potter and the Half-Blood Princewhich was released on 15 July 2009.[182][183][184][185]


A studio model of Hogwarts Castle as it appears in the films.

In March 2008, Warner Bros. President and COO Alan F. Horn announced that the final instalment in the series, Harry Potter and the Deathly Hallowswould be released in two cinematic parts: Part 1 on 19 November 2010 and Part 2 on 15 July 2011. Production of both parts started in February 2009, with the final day of principal photography taking place on 12 June 2010.[186][187]

Rowling had creative control on the film series, observing the filmmaking process of Philosopher's Stone and serving as producer on the two-part Deathly Hallowsalongside David Heyman and David Barron.[188] The Harry Potter films have been top-rank box office hits, with all eight releases on the list of highest-grossing films worldwide. Philosopher's Stone was the highest-grossing Harry Potter film up until the release of the final instalment of the series, Deathly Hallowswhile Prisoner of Azkaban grossed the least.[189] As well as being a financial success, the film series has also been a success among film critics.[190][191]

Opinions of the films are generally divided among fans, with one group preferring the more faithful approach of the first two films, and another group preferring the more stylised character-driven approach of the later films.[192] Rowling has been constantly supportive of all the films and evaluated Deathly Hallows as her "favourite one" in the series.[193][194][195][196] She wrote on her website of the changes in the book-to-film transition, "It is simply impossible to incorporate every one of my storylines into a film that has to be kept under four hours long. Obviously films have restrictions novels do not have, constraints of time and budget; I can create dazzling effects relying on nothing but the interaction of my own and my readers' imaginations".[197]

At the 64th British Academy Film Awards in February 2011, Rowling was joined by producers David Heyman and David Barron along with directors David Yates, Alfonso Cuarón and Mike Newell in collecting the Michael Balcon Award for Outstanding British Contribution to Cinema on behalf of all the films in the series. Actors Rupert Grint and Emma Watson, who play main characters Ron Weasley and Hermione Granger, were also in attendance.[198][199]


Spin-off prequels



A new prequel series consisting of five films will take place before the main series.[200] The first film Fantastic Beasts and Where to Find Them was released in November 2016, followed by the second Fantastic Beasts: The Crimes of Grindelwald in November 2018; the next three are due to be released in 2020, 2022 and 2024 respectively.[201] Rowling wrote the screenplay for the first three instalment,[202] marking her foray into screenwriting.


Games



A number of other non-interactive media games and board games have been released such as Cluedo Harry Potter EditionScene It? Harry Potter and Lego Harry Potter models, which are influenced by the themes of both the novels and films.

There are thirteen Harry Potter video games, eight corresponding with the films and books and five spin-offs. The film/book-based games are produced by Electronic Arts, as was Harry Potter: Quidditch World Cupwith the game version of the first entry in the series, Philosopher's Stonebeing released in November 2001. Harry Potter and the Philosopher's Stone went on to become one of the best-selling PlayStation games ever.[203] The video games were released to coincide with the films, containing scenery and details from the films as well as the tone and spirit of the books. Objectives usually occur in and around Hogwarts, along with various other magical areas. The story and design of the games follow the selected film's characterisation and plot; EA worked closely with Warner Bros. to include scenes from the films. The last game in the series, Deathly Hallowswas split, with Part 1 released in November 2010 and Part 2 debuting on consoles in July 2011. The two-part game forms the first entry to convey an intense theme of action and violence, with the gameplay revolving around a third-person shooter style format.[204][205]

The spin-off games Lego Harry Potter: Years 1–4 and Lego Harry Potter: Years 5–7 were developed by Traveller's Tales and published by Warner Bros. Interactive Entertainment. The spin-off games Book of Spells and Book of Potions were developed by SCE London Studio and use the Wonderbook, an augmented reality book designed to be used in conjunction with the PlayStation Move and PlayStation Eye.[206] The Harry Potter universe is also featured in Lego Dimensionswith the settings and side characters featured in the Harry Potter Adventure World, and Harry, Voldemort, and Hermione as playable characters. In 2017, Warner Bros. Interactive Entertainment opened its own Harry Potter themed game design studio, by the name of Portkey Games; before releasing Hogwarts Mystery in 2018, developed by Jam City.[207]


Audiobooks


All seven Harry Potter books have been released in unabridged audiobook versions, with Stephen Fry reading the UK editions and Jim Dale voicing the series for the American editions.[208][209]


Stage production



Harry Potter and the Cursed Child: Parts I and II is a play which serves as a sequel to the books, beginning nineteen years after the events of Harry Potter and the Deathly Hallows. It was written by Jack Thorne based on an original new story by Thorne, Rowling and John Tiffany.[210] It has run at the Palace Theatre in London's West End since previews began on 7 June 2016 with an official premiere on 30 June 2016.[211] The first four months of tickets for the June–September performances were sold out within several hours upon release.[212] Forthcoming productions are planned for Broadway[213] and Melbourne.[214]

The script was released as a book at the time of the premiere, with a revised version following the next year.


Attractions


The Wizarding World of Harry Potter



Hogwarts Castle as depicted in the Wizarding World of Harry Potter, located in Universal Orlando Resort's Island of Adventure

After the success of the films and books, Universal and Warner Brothers announced they would create The Wizarding World of Harry Pottera new Harry Potter-themed expansion to the Islands of Adventure theme park at Universal Orlando Resort in Florida. The land officially opened to the public on 18 June 2010.[215] It includes a re-creation of Hogsmeade and several rides. The flagship attraction is Harry Potter and the Forbidden Journeywhich exists within a re-creation of Hogwarts School of Witchcraft and Wizardry. Other rides include Dragon Challengea pair of inverted roller coasters, and Flight of the Hippogriffa family roller coaster.

Four years later, on 8 July 2014, Universal opened a Harry Potter-themed area at the Universal Studios Florida theme park. It includes a re-creation of Diagon Alley and connecting alleys and a small section of Muggle London. The flagship attraction is Harry Potter and the Escape from Gringotts roller coaster ride. Universal also added a completely functioning recreation of the Hogwarts Express connecting Kings Cross Station at Universal Studios Florida to the Hogsmeade station at Islands of Adventure. Both Hogsmeade and Diagon Alley contain many shops and restaurants from the book series, including Weasley's Wizard Wheezes and The Leaky Cauldron.

On 15 July 2014, The Wizarding World of Harry Potter opened at the Universal Studios Japan theme park in Osaka, Japan. It includes the village of Hogsmeade, Harry Potter and the Forbidden Journey ride, and Flight of the Hippogriff roller coaster.[216][217]

On 7 April 2016, The Wizarding World of Harry Potter opened at the Universal Studios Hollywood theme park near Los Angeles, California.[218][219]


The Making of Harry Potter



In March 2011, Warner Bros. announced plans to build a tourist attraction in the United Kingdom to showcase the Harry Potter film series. The Making of Harry Potter is a behind-the-scenes walking tour featuring authentic sets, costumes and props from the film series. The attraction is located at Warner Bros. Studios, Leavesden, where all eight of the Harry Potter films were made. Warner Bros. constructed two new sound stages to house and showcase the famous sets from each of the British-made productions, following a £100 million investment.[220] It opened to the public in March 2012.[221]


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