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Colorado - Wikipedia




Bundesstaat der Vereinigten Staaten von Amerika


Bundesstaat Colorado
Spitzname (n):
Motto (s): Nil sine numine
(englisch: Nothing without Provision)
Staatslied (er): " Wo die Columbines wachsen" und "Rocky Mountain High [1]"
 Karte der Vereinigten Staaten mit Colorado hervorgehoben
Amtssprache Englisch
Demonym [19659010] Coloradan
Hauptstadt
(und größte Stadt)
Denver
Größte U-Bahn Denver-Aurora-Lakewood, CO MSA
Platziert
104.094 km²
(269,837 km 2 )
• Breite 450 km
• Länge 380 Meilen (610 km)
•% Wasser 0,36%
• Breitengrad 37 ° N bis 41 ° N
• Längengrad 102 ° 02'48 "W bis 109 ° 02'48" W

Bevölkerung Auf Rang 21
• Gesamt 5.695.564 (2018)
• Dichte 19,9 / km [19599293]
Platziert
• Durchschnittliches Haushaltseinkommen $ 70.566 [2] (8)

Elevation
• Höchster Punkt Mount Elbert [3][4][5][6] in Lake County
14.440 ft (4401,2 m)
• Mittelwert 6,800 ft (2070 m)
• Niedrigster Punkt Arikaree River [4][5] an der Kansas-Grenze
3.317 Fuß (1011 m)

Zulassung zu Union 1. August 1876 [7] (38.)
Gouverneur
Jared Polis D)
Vizegouverneur Dianne Primavera (D)
Gesetzgebung Generalversammlung
• Oberhaus Senat
• Unterhaus

US. Senators Michael Bennet (D)
Cory Gardner (R)
US. Hausdelegation 4 Demokraten
3 Republikaner (Liste)
Zeitzone Gebirgszeitzone: UTC-7 / UTC-6
ISO 3166 US-CO
Abkürzungen [19659010] CO
Website www .colorado .gov

Colorado ( ( Über diesen Ton ) andere Varianten) [8][9][10] ist ein Bundesstaat der westlichen Vereinigten Staaten, der den Großteil der südlichen Rocky Mountains sowie den nordöstlichen Teil des Colorado-Plateaus und den westlichen Rand der Great Plains umfasst. Es ist der 8. umfangreichste und 21. bevölkerungsreichste US-Bundesstaat. Die geschätzte Bevölkerung von Colorado betrug am 1. Juli 2018 5.695.564, ein Anstieg um 13,25% seit der US-Volkszählung 2010. [11]

Der Staat wurde nach dem Colorado River benannt, den die frühen spanischen Entdecker den Río Colorado nannten ] für den rötlichen Schlick, den der Fluss aus den Bergen trug. Das Territorium von Colorado wurde am 28. Februar 1861 [12] organisiert, und am 1. August 1876 unterzeichnete US-Präsident Ulysses S. Grant die Proklamation 230, mit der er Colorado als 38. Staat in die Union aufgenommen hatte. [7] Colorado wird "Centennial" genannt State ", weil es ein Jahrhundert nach der Unterzeichnung der Unabhängigkeitserklärung der Vereinigten Staaten ein Staat wurde.

Colorado grenzt an Wyoming im Norden, Nebraska im Nordosten, Kansas im Osten, Oklahoma im Südosten, New Mexico im Süden, Utah im Westen und berührt Arizona im Südwesten bei den Four Corners. Colorado ist bekannt für seine lebendige Landschaft mit Bergen, Wäldern, Hochebenen, Mesas, Schluchten, Hochebenen, Flüssen und Wüstenlandschaften. Colorado ist Teil der westlichen und südwestlichen Vereinigten Staaten und gehört zu den Bergstaaten.

Denver ist die Hauptstadt und bevölkerungsreichste Stadt von Colorado. Einwohner des Staates sind als Coloradans bekannt, obwohl gelegentlich der veraltete Begriff "Coloradoan" verwendet wird. [13] [14]

Colorado hat eine starke westliche Identität und ist mehr sozial liberaler als Nachbarstaaten. Die gleichgeschlechtliche Ehe in Colorado ist seit 2014 legal, und es war der erste Bundesstaat in den USA, der Freizeit-Cannabis legalisiert hat, und eine der ersten Gerichtsbarkeiten auf der Erde, die dies durch Volksabstimmung getan hatte. Der Staat ist bekannt für freizügige Ansichten über Abtreibung und unterstützten Selbstmord; Coloradans lehnte ein Referendum aus dem Jahr 2008 ab, das die Abtreibung kriminalisiert hätte, und genehmigte 2016 eine Maßnahme, die die Unterstützung des Selbstmords im Staat legalisiert hat, und ist nach wie vor einer von sechs Staaten (zusammen mit dem District of Columbia), die den assistierten Selbstmord legalisiert haben. Colorado war der erste US-Bundesstaat, der einen offen schwulen Gouverneur, Jared Polis, bei den Gouverneurswahlen 2018 gewählt hat.




Geographie [ edit ]



Colorado zeichnet sich durch seine vielfältige Geografie aus, zu der alpine Berge, Hochebenen, Wüsten mit riesigen Sanddünen und tiefe Schluchten zählen. Im Jahr 1861 definierte der Kongress der Vereinigten Staaten die Grenzen des neuen Territoriums von Colorado ausschließlich durch Längen- und Breitengrade zwischen 37 ° N und 41 ° N und zwischen 102 ° 02'48 "W und 109 ° 02'48 "W Längengrad (25 ° W bis 32 ° W vom Washingtoner Meridian). [12] Nach 157 Jahren Regierungsumfragen sind die Grenzen von Colorado jetzt offiziell durch 697 Grenzmarkierungen und 697 gerade Begrenzungslinien definiert. [19659092] Colorado, Wyoming und Utah sind die einzigen Staaten, deren Grenzen ausschließlich durch gerade Begrenzungslinien ohne natürliche Merkmale definiert werden. [16] Die südwestliche Ecke von Colorado ist das Four Corners Monument bei 36 ° 59'56 "N, 109 ° 2 '43 "W. [17][18] Dies ist der einzige Ort in den Vereinigten Staaten, an dem sich vier Staaten treffen: Colorado, New Mexico, Arizona und Utah. [16]




Mountains [ edit



Der Gipfel des Mount Elbert auf 4.401,2 m Höhe in Lake County ist der höchste Punkt in Colorado und den Rocky Mountains in Nordamerika. [3] Colorado ist der einzige US-Bundesstaat, der vollständig über 1.000 m Höhe liegt. Der Punkt, an dem der Arikaree River aus dem Yuma County im US-Bundesstaat Colorado in den Cheyenne County im US-Bundesstaat Kansas mündet, ist mit 1.017 m der niedrigste Punkt in Colorado. Dieser Punkt, der den Unterschied macht, dass er der höchste niedrige Erhebungspunkt eines Staates ist, [4][19] liegt höher als die Erhöhungspunkte von 18 Bundesstaaten und des District of Columbia.


Ein Blick auf die trockenen Hochebenen im Südosten von Colorado


Plains [ edit


Etwas weniger als die Hälfte von Colorado ist flach und hügelig. Östlich der Rocky Mountains liegen die östlichen Ebenen der High Plains in Colorado, der Abschnitt der Great Plains in Nebraska in Höhenlagen von etwa 3.350 bis 7.500 Fuß (1.020 bis 2.290 m). [20] Die Colorado-Ebenen sind meistens Prärien, aber auch Dazu gehören Laubwälder, Buttes und Schluchten. Die durchschnittliche jährliche Niederschlagsmenge beträgt 380 bis 640 mm (15 bis 25 Zoll). [21]

Der östliche Colorado besteht derzeit hauptsächlich aus Ackerland und Weideland sowie kleinen landwirtschaftlichen Dörfern und Städten. Mais, Weizen, Heu, Sojabohnen und Hafer sind typische Kulturen. Die meisten Dörfer und Städte in dieser Region verfügen sowohl über einen Wasserturm als auch einen Getreidesilo. Bewässerungswasser ist sowohl aus Oberflächen- als auch aus unterirdischen Quellen verfügbar. Oberflächenwasserquellen umfassen die South Platte, den Arkansas River und einige andere Bäche. Unterirdisches Wasser wird im Allgemeinen durch artesische Brunnen zugänglich gemacht. Durch die starke Nutzung von Brunnen zur Bewässerung gingen die unterirdischen Wasservorräte zurück. In Ost-Colorado gibt es beträchtliche Nutztiere wie Viehfarmen und Schweinefarmen.


Front Range [ edit ]



Ungefähr 70% der Bevölkerung von Colorado liegt am östlichen Rand der Rocky Mountains im Front Range Urban Corridor zwischen Cheyenne, Wyoming und Pueblo, Colorado. Diese Region ist teilweise vor den vorherrschenden Stürmen geschützt, die von den hohen Rockies in der Mitte von Colorado aus der Pazifikregion heraufgeblasen werden. Die "Front Range" umfasst Denver, Boulder, Fort Collins, Loveland, Castle Rock, Colorado Springs, Pueblo, Greeley und andere Townships und Gemeinden dazwischen. Auf der anderen Seite der Rockies befinden sich die Städte Grand Junction, Durango und Montrose.


Continental Divide [ edit ]



Die kontinentale Kluft Amerikas erstreckt sich entlang des Kamms der Rocky Mountains. Das Gebiet von Colorado westlich der kontinentalen Wasserscheide wird als Western Slope of Colorado bezeichnet. Westlich der kontinentalen Wasserscheide fließt das Wasser nach Südwesten über den Colorado River und den Green River in den Golf von Kalifornien.

Im Inneren der Rocky Mountains befinden sich mehrere große Parks mit hohen breiten Becken. Im Norden, auf der Ostseite der Continental Divide, befindet sich der North Park von Colorado. Der North Park wird vom North Platte River entwässert, der nach Norden in Wyoming und Nebraska mündet. Etwas südlich von North Park, aber auf der westlichen Seite der Continental Divide, befindet sich der Middle Park von Colorado, der vom Colorado River entwässert wird. Der South Park von Colorado ist die Region der Quellgebiete des South Platte River.


Südliche Region [ edit ]



Im südlichsten Colorado liegt das große San Luis Valley, in dem sich die Quellgebiete des Rio Grande befinden. Das Tal liegt zwischen den Sangre De Cristo Mountains und den San Juan Mountains und besteht aus großen Wüstenlandschaften, die schließlich in die Berge münden. Der Rio Grande fließt nach Süden in New Mexico, Mexiko und Texas ab. Auf der anderen Seite der Sangre de Cristo Range östlich des San Luis Valley liegt das Wet Mountain Valley. Diese Becken, insbesondere das San Luis Valley, liegen am Rio Grande Rift, einer wichtigen geologischen Formation der Rocky Mountains und ihrer Äste.


Die Wüstenlandschaften, die das San Luis Valley im südlichen Colorado ausmachen

Peaks [ edit



Westlich der Great Plains von Colorado erhebt sich der östliche Hang der Rocky Mountains. Zu den bemerkenswerten Gipfeln der Rocky Mountains zählen der Longs Peak, der Mount Evans, der Pikes Peak und die Spanish Peaks in der Nähe von Walsenburg im Süden von Colorado. Dieses Gebiet fließt östlich und südöstlich ab, entweder über den Mississippi oder den Rio Grande in den Golf von Mexiko.



Die Rocky Mountains in Colorado enthalten 53 Gipfel mit einer Höhe von 14.000 Fuß (4.267 m) oder höher, die als Vierzehner bekannt sind. [22] Diese Berge sind größtenteils mit Bäumen wie Nadelbäumen und Espen bis zum Baum bedeckt Linie, auf einer Höhe von etwa 3.0008 m im Süden von Colorado bis etwa 10.500 Fuß im nördlichen Colorado. Darüber wächst nur die alpine Vegetation. Nur kleine Teile der Colorado Rockies sind das ganze Jahr über schneebedeckt.

Ein Großteil des alpinen Schnees schmilzt Mitte August mit Ausnahme einiger schneebedeckter Gipfel und einiger kleiner Gletscher. Der Colorado Mineral Belt, der sich von den San Juan Mountains im Südwesten bis nach Boulder und Central City an der Front erstreckt, umfasst die meisten historischen Gold- und Silberabbaugebiete von Colorado. Der Elbert ist der höchste Gipfel der Rocky Mountains. Die 30 höchsten Hauptgipfel der Rocky Mountains in Nordamerika liegen alle innerhalb des Staates.




Sandsteinfelsen entlang des Colorado River nördlich von Wolcott


Colorado Western Slope [ edit ]


Das Grand Valley in West Colorado, ein großes Tal, das aus hohem Wüstengelände besteht. Die Stadt Grand Junction liegt im Herzen des Tales

Das Gebiet Western Slope in Colorado umfasst die westliche Seite der Rocky Mountains und den gesamten Bundesstaat bis zur westlichen Grenze. Dieses Gebiet umfasst mehrere Gebiete und Klimazonen von alpinen Bergen bis zu trockenen Wüsten. Die Western Slope umfasst viele Skigebiete in den Rocky Mountains und westlich der Berge. Es ist weniger bevölkert als die Front Range, umfasst aber eine große Anzahl von Nationalparks und Monumenten.

Von Westen nach Osten besteht das Land Colorado aus Wüstenland, Wüstenplateaus, Alpenbergen, National Forests, relativ flachen Wiesen, verstreuten Wäldern, Buttes und Schluchten am westlichen Rand der Great Plains. Der berühmte Pikes Peak liegt westlich von Colorado Springs. Sein isolierter Gipfel ist an klaren Tagen von fast der Kansas-Grenze und weit im Norden und Süden zu sehen. [23] Die nordwestliche Ecke von Colorado ist eine dünn besiedelte Region und enthält einen Teil des bekannten Dinosaur National Monument ist nicht nur ein paläontologisches Gebiet, sondern auch ein landschaftlich reizvolles Gebiet mit felsigen Hügeln, Schluchten, trockenen Wüsten und Flussbetten. Hier geht der Green River kurz nach Colorado über. Wüstenlandschaften in Colorado befinden sich in und um Gegenden wie dem Pueblo, Canon City, Florenz, dem Great Sand Dunes Nationalpark und dem Reservat, dem San Luis Valley, Cortez, dem Nationaldenkmal des Canyon der Alten, dem Hovenweep National Monument, dem Ute Mountain, dem Delta. Grand Junction, Colorado National Monument und andere Gebiete rund um das Uncompahgre Plateau und den Uncompahgre National Forest.

Der westliche Hang von Colorado wird durch den Colorado River und seine Nebenflüsse (hauptsächlich den Gunnison River, den Green River und den San Juan River) oder durch Verdunstung in seinen Trockengebieten entwässert. Der Colorado River fließt durch den Glenwood Canyon und dann durch ein trockenes Tal, das aus einer Wüste besteht, von Rifle bis Parachute, durch die Wüstenschlucht des De Beque Canyon und in die trockene Wüste von Grand Valley, wo sich die Stadt Grand Junction befindet. Ebenfalls im oder in der Nähe des südlichen Abschnitts des westlichen Abhangs ist der Grand Mesa, der südöstlich von Grand Junction liegt; die hohen San Juan Mountains, eine schroffe Bergkette; und westlich der San Juan Mountains das Colorado Plateau, ein hoch trockenes Gebiet, das an Südutah grenzt.


Das Colorado National Monument in der Nähe von Grand Junction. Das Monument besteht aus hohen Wüstenschluchten und Sandsteinfelsen.


Grand Junction, Colorado, ist die größte Stadt am westlichen Hang. Grand Junction und Durango sind die einzigen großen Zentren des Fernsehens, die westlich der kontinentalen Wasserscheide in Colorado ausgestrahlt werden, obwohl die meisten Gemeinden in den Bergregionen Tageszeitungen veröffentlichen. Grand Junction liegt an der Interstate 70, der einzigen Hauptstraße im Westen von Colorado. Grand Junction ist auch entlang der Hauptbahn der Western Slope, der Union Pacific. Diese Eisenbahnlinie bietet auch die Spuren für den California Zephyr-Personenzug von Amtrak, der die Rocky Mountains zwischen Denver und Grand Junction über eine Strecke kreuzt, auf der es keine durchgehenden Autobahnen gibt.

Die Western Slope umfasst mehrere bemerkenswerte Ziele in den Colorado Rocky Mountains, einschließlich Glenwood Springs mit den heißen Quellen des Resorts und den Skigebieten Aspen, Breckenridge, Vail, Crested Butte, Steamboat Springs und Telluride.

Hochschulbildung in und in der Nähe der Western Slope findet man an der Colorado Mesa University in Grand Junction, der Western Colorado University in Gunnison, dem Fort Lewis College in Durango und dem Colorado Mountain College in Glenwood Springs und Steamboat Springs.

Das Four Corners Monument in der südwestlichen Ecke von Colorado markiert die gemeinsame Grenze von Colorado, New Mexico, Arizona und Utah; der einzige derartige Ort in den Vereinigten Staaten.




Klima [ edit ]



Das Klima in Colorado ist komplexer als Staaten außerhalb der Bergstaaten. Im Gegensatz zu den meisten anderen Staaten ist der Süden von Colorado nicht immer wärmer als der Norden von Colorado. Der größte Teil von Colorado besteht aus Bergen, Ausläufern, Hochebenen und Wüstenland. Berge und umliegende Täler beeinflussen das lokale Klima stark.

Mit zunehmender Höhe kommt es in der Regel zu einer Abnahme der Temperatur und einer Zunahme der Niederschläge. Nordost-, Ost- und Südost-Colorado sind hauptsächlich Hochebenen, während Nord-Colorado aus Hochebenen, Ausläufern und Bergen besteht. Der Nordwesten und Westen von Colorado sind überwiegend bergig, wobei einige Wüstengebiete gemischt sind. Südwesten und Süden von Colorado sind eine komplexe Mischung aus Wüsten- und Berggebieten.


Eastern Plains [ edit ]


Das Klima in den östlichen Ebenen ist halbkalt (Köppen-Klimaklassifikation: BSk ) mit niedriger Luftfeuchtigkeit und moderaten Niederschlägen, gewöhnlich zwischen 15 und 25 Zoll (380 bis 640 Millimeter) pro Jahr. Die Gegend ist bekannt für ihren reichlichen Sonnenschein und die kühlen, klaren Nächte, die dieser Region einen großen durchschnittlichen Tagestemperaturbereich verleihen. Der Unterschied zwischen den Höhen der Tage und den Tiefstständen der Nächte kann beträchtlich sein, da die Wärme in klaren Nächten an den Raum abgegeben wird und die Wärmestrahlung nicht von Wolken eingeschlossen wird. Der urbane Korridor der Front Range, in dem sich der größte Teil der Bevölkerung von Colorado befindet, liegt infolge der Lage auf der Lee-Seite der Rocky Mountains in einem ausgeprägten Niederschlagsschatten. [24]

Im Sommer In diesem Gebiet kann es viele Tage über 35 ° C und häufig über 38 ° C geben. [25] In den Ebenen liegen die Wintertiefs normalerweise zwischen -4 und - 4 ° C. 23 ° C). Etwa 75% der Niederschläge fallen in die Vegetationsperiode von April bis September, aber dieses Gebiet ist sehr anfällig für Dürreperioden. Der meiste Niederschlag kommt von Gewittern, die heftig sein können, und von größeren Schneestürmen, die im Winter und im frühen Frühling auftreten. Ansonsten sind die Winter meistens trocken und kalt. [26]

In weiten Teilen der Region ist der März der schneereichste Monat. April und Mai sind normalerweise die regenreichsten Monate, während April der feuchteste Monat insgesamt ist. Die näher an den Bergen gelegenen Städte der Front Range sind im Winter wärmer, weil der Chinook-Wind die Umgebung erwärmt und im Winter manchmal Temperaturen von 21 ° C oder höher mit sich bringt. [26] Die durchschnittliche Julitemperatur ist Juli 13 ° C am Morgen und 32 ° C am Nachmittag. Die durchschnittliche Januar-Temperatur beträgt am Morgen 18 ° F (–8 ° C) und am Nachmittag 9 ° C (48 ° F), obwohl die Abweichung zwischen aufeinander folgenden Tagen 20 ° C (40 ° F) betragen kann.


[ edit ]


Etwas westlich der Ebene und in den Ausläufern gibt es eine Vielzahl von Klimatypen. Standorte, die nur wenige Kilometer voneinander entfernt sind, können je nach Topographie ein völlig anderes Wetter erfahren. Die meisten Täler haben ein halbtrockenes Klima, das den östlichen Ebenen nicht unähnlich ist und in den höchsten Lagen zu einem alpinen Klima übergeht. Mikroklimata gibt es auch in lokalen Gebieten, die fast das gesamte Spektrum des Klimas abdecken, einschließlich subtropischem Hochland ( Cfb / Cwb ), feucht subtropisch ( Cfa ), feucht kontinental ( Dfa / Dfb ), Mittelmeer ( Csa / Csb ) und Subarktis ( Dfc ). [27]


Extremwetter [ edit ]


Schnee hebt die zerklüfteten Berge sowie die städtischen und landwirtschaftlichen Landschaften der Ebenen von Colorado hervor.

Extreme Wetteränderungen sind in Colorado üblich, obwohl die Mehrheit der extremen Wetterbedingungen in Colorado auftritt die am wenigsten besiedelten Gebiete des Staates. Gewitter sind im Frühjahr und Sommer östlich der kontinentalen Wasserscheide üblich, sind aber normalerweise kurz. Hagel ist ein allgemeiner Anblick in den Bergen östlich der Kluft und im Nordwesten des Staates. In den östlichen Tiefebenen gab es einige der größten Hagelstürme Nordamerikas. [21] Bemerkenswerte Beispiele sind die schweren Hagelstürme, die am 11. Juli 1990 [28] in Denver und am 8. Mai 2017 getroffen wurden, wobei letzteres das teuerste im ganzen Staat ist [29]

Die östlichen Ebenen sind Teil des äußersten westlichen Teils der Tornado-Allee. Zu den schädlichen Tornados in den östlichen Tiefebenen zählen der 1990er Limon F3-Tornado und der Windsor EF3-Tornado aus dem Jahr 2008, die die kleine Stadt verwüsteten. [30]
Die Ebenen sind auch anfällig für gelegentliche Überschwemmungen, die sowohl durch Gewitter als auch durch das schnelle Abschmelzen der Region verursacht werden Schnee bei warmem Wetter in den Bergen. Bemerkenswerte Beispiele sind die Flut von Denver 1965 in Denver, die Überschwemmungen des Big Thompson River von 1976 und die Überschwemmungen in Colorado von 2013. Heißes Wetter ist während des Sommers in Denver üblich. Der Rekord der Stadt von 1901 für die Anzahl aufeinanderfolgender Tage über 32 ° C wurde im Sommer 2008 gebrochen. Der neue Rekord von 24 aufeinanderfolgenden Tagen übertraf den vorherigen Rekord um fast eine Woche. [32]

Ein Großteil von Colorado ist ein sehr trockener Staat mit durchschnittlich nur 430 Millimeter Niederschlag pro Jahr im ganzen Bundesstaat und erlebt selten eine Zeit, in der sich ein Teil des Staates nicht in einem gewissen Ausmaß an Dürre befindet. [33] The Das Fehlen von Niederschlägen trägt zur Schwere der Waldbrände in diesem Bundesstaat bei, wie beispielsweise das Hayman Fire von 2002, eines der größten Waldbrände in der amerikanischen Geschichte, und das Fourmile Canyon Fire von 2010, das bis zum Waldo Canyon Fire und High Park Fire im Juni führte 2012 und der Schwarzwaldbrand vom Juni 2013 war das zerstörerischste Lauffeuer in der aufgezeichneten Geschichte Colorados.


Der Yampa River, von einem hohen Aussichtspunkt aus

Einige Bergregionen in Colorado erhalten jedoch eine riesige Menge Feuchtigkeit durch Winterschneefälle. Die Quelle schmilzt im Schnee oftmals im Yampa River, im Colorado River, im Rio Grande, im Arkansas River, im North Platte River und im South Platte River.

Aus den Colorado Rocky Mountains fließendes Wasser ist eine sehr bedeutende Wasserquelle für die Farmen, Städte und Städte der südwestlichen Bundesstaaten New Mexico, Arizona, Utah und Nevada sowie des Mittleren Westens wie Nebraska und Kansas und die südlichen Bundesstaaten Oklahoma und Texas. Eine beträchtliche Menge Wasser wird auch für die Verwendung in Kalifornien abgeleitet. gelegentlich (früher natürlich und beständig) erreicht der Wasserfluss den Norden Mexikos.


Aufzeichnungen [ edit ]


Die höchste Lufttemperatur, die jemals in Colorado gemessen wurde, betrug am 11. Juli 1888 bei Bennett (48 ° C). Die niedrigste Lufttemperatur war am 1. Februar 1985 in Maybell –61 ° F (–52 ° C). [34][35]





































































Monatlich hohe und niedrige Monatstemperaturen für verschiedene Städte in Colorado [36] (° F) (° C) )
Stadt
Jan
Feb.


Mai
Jun
Jul
Aug
Sep

Nov

Alamosa
34 / −2
2 / -19
40/6
4 / -14
50/17
10 / -8
59/24
15 / -4
69/33
21/1
79/41
26/5
82/47
28/8
80/46
8
73/40
23/4
62/25
17 / -4
47/12
8 / -11
35/1
2 / −17
Colorado Springs
43/18
6 / -8
45/20
7 / -7
52/26
11 / -3
60/33
16 /
69/43
21/6
79/51
26/11
85/57
29/14
82/56
28/13 [19659210] 75/47
24/8
63/36
17/2
51/25
11 / -4
42/18
6/8 [19659232] Denver

49/20
9 / -7
49/21
9 / -6
56/29
13 / -2
64/35
18 / 2
73/46
23/8
84/54
29/12
92/61
33/16
89/60
32/16 [19659185] 81/50
27/10
68/37
20/3
55/26
13/3
47/18
8 / -8 [19659207] Grand Junction

38/17
3 / -8
45/24
7 / -4
57/31
14 / -1
65/38
18 / 3
76/47
24/8
88/56
31/13
93/63
34/17
90/61
32/16 [19659210] 80/52
27/11
66/40
19/4
51/28
11 / -2
39/19
4 / -7 19659232] Pueblo

47/14
8 / -10
51/17
11 / -8
59/26
15 / -3
67/34
19/ 1
77/44
25/7
87/53
31/12
93/59
34/15
90/58
32/14 [19659185] 82/48
28/9
69/34
21/1
56/23
13 / -5
46/14
8 / -10 [19659307] Erdbeben [ edit ]

Trotz seines bergigen Geländes ist Colorado seismisch relativ ruhig. Das US-amerikanische National Earthquake Information Center befindet sich in Golden.

Am 22. August 2011 ereignete sich ein Erdbeben der Stärke 5,3 (14 km) west-südwestlich der Stadt Trinidad. [37] Es gab keine Opfer und nur ein geringer Schaden wurde gemeldet. Es war das zweitgrößte Erdbeben in der Geschichte von Colorado. Ein Erdbeben der Stärke 5,7 wurde 1973 registriert. [38]

In den frühen Morgenstunden des 24. August 2018 erschütterten vier kleine Erdbeben den Staat Colorado mit einer Stärke von 2,9 bis 4,3 . [39]

Colorado hat seit 1973 525 Erdbeben registriert, von denen eine Mehrheit zwischen 2 und 3,5 auf der Richterskala liegt. [40]


Geschichte [ edit

]

Großer Kiva am Chimney Rock in den San Juan Mountains im Südwesten von Colorado. Es wird gesagt, dass es von den alten Pueblo-Völkern gebaut wurde.


Die Region, in der sich heute der Bundesstaat Colorado befindet, wird seit mehr als 13.000 Jahren von amerikanischen Ureinwohnern bewohnt. Der Lindenmeier-Standort in Larimer County enthält Artefakte von etwa 11200 v. Chr. Bis 3000 v. Chr. Der östliche Rand der Rocky Mountains war eine wichtige Migrationsroute, die für die Verbreitung der frühen Völker in ganz Amerika wichtig war. Die Ureinwohner von Pueblo lebten in den Tälern und Mesas des Colorado-Plateaus. [41] Die Ute Nation bewohnte die Gebirgstäler der Southern Rocky Mountains und der Western Rocky Mountains bis in den Osten der heutigen Front Range. Der Apache und die Comanche bewohnten auch die östlichen und südöstlichen Teile des Staates. Manchmal bewegten sich die Arapaho-Nation und die Cheyenne-Nation nach Westen, um die High Plains zu jagen.



Das spanische Imperium hatte Colorado vor seiner Beteiligung der USA in der Region als Teil seiner Provinz New Mexico beansprucht. Die USA erwarben mit dem Louisiana Purchase aus Frankreich im Jahr 1803 einen territorialen Anspruch auf die östlichen Rocky Mountains. Dieser Anspruch der USA stand im Konflikt mit dem Anspruch Spaniens an das obere Arkansas River Basin als ausschließliche Handelszone seiner Kolonie Santa Fé de Nuevo México. Im Jahr 1806 führte Zebulon Pike eine Aufklärungsexpedition der US-Armee in die umstrittene Region. Oberst Pike und seine Männer wurden im darauffolgenden Februar von spanischen Kavalleristen im San Luis-Tal festgenommen, nach Chihuahua gebracht und im folgenden Juli aus Mexiko ausgewiesen.

Die USA haben ihren Anspruch auf alles Land südlich und westlich des Arkansas River und südlich des 42. Breitengrades nördlich und westlich des 100. westlichen Westens im Rahmen des Kaufs von Florida aus Spanien mit dem Adams-Onís-Vertrag von 1819 aufgegeben Der Vertrag trat am 22. Februar 1821 in Kraft. Nachdem die USA ihre Grenze mit Spanien festgelegt hatten, räumten sie am 10. August 1821 den Bundesstaat Missouri im Südosten des Bundesstaates Missouri als Bundesstaat Missouri ein. Der Rest des Missouri-Territoriums, einschließlich dessen, was daraus werden sollte Nordost-Colorado wurde unorganisiertes Territorium und blieb es 33 Jahre lang in der Frage der Sklaverei. Nach elf Kriegsjahren erkannte Spanien schließlich die Unabhängigkeit Mexikos mit dem am 24. August 1821 unterzeichneten Vertrag von Córdoba an. Mexiko unterzeichnete schließlich den Vertrag von Adams-Oní im Jahre 1831. Der texianische Aufstand von 1835/36 förderte einen Streit zwischen den USA und Mexiko, das schließlich 1846 in den mexikanisch-amerikanischen Krieg ausbrach. Mit dem Vertrag von Guadalupe Hidalgo 1848 schloss Mexiko sein nördliches Territorium den USA ab.



Die meisten amerikanischen Siedler, die über Land nach Westen in das Oregon Country reisen, nämlich die neuen Goldfelder Kaliforniens oder die neuen mormonischen Siedlungen des Staates Deseret im Salt Lake Valley, meiden die schroffen südlichen Rocky Mountains und folgen stattdessen der North Platte River und Sweetwater River zum South Pass (Wyoming), die unterste Kreuzung der kontinentalen Wasserscheide zwischen den Southern Rocky Mountains und den Central Rocky Mountains. Im Jahr 1849 organisierten die Mormonen des Salt Lake Valley den extralegalen Bundesstaat Deseret, der das gesamte Great Basin und das gesamte Land, das von den Flüssen Green, Grand und Colorado entwässert wurde, einnahm. Die Bundesregierung der USA lehnte die neue mormonische Regierung pauschal ab, weil es sich um eine theokratische und sanktionierte Mehrehe handelte. Stattdessen teilte der Kompromiss von 1850 die mexikanische Zession und die nordwestlichen Ansprüche von Texas in einen neuen Staat und zwei neue Gebiete, den Bundesstaat Kalifornien, das Territorium von New Mexico und das Territorium von Utah. Am 9. April 1851 siedelten mexikanische amerikanische Siedler aus dem Gebiet von Taos das Dorf San Luis, dann im New Mexico Territory, um später die erste dauerhafte euro-amerikanische Siedlung Colorados zu werden.


Das Anasazi Heritage Center in Dolores

Im Jahr 1854 überzeugte Senator Stephen A. Douglas den US-Kongress, das ungeordnete Gebiet östlich der kontinentalen Wasserscheide in zwei neue organisierte Territorien aufzuteilen, das Territorium von Kansas und das Territorium von Nebraska. und eine unorganisierte südliche Region, die als indisches Territorium bekannt ist. Jedes neue Territorium sollte über das Schicksal der Sklaverei innerhalb seiner Grenzen entscheiden, aber dieser Kompromiss diente lediglich dazu, die Feindseligkeit zwischen freiem Boden und pro-sklavischen Fraktionen anzuheizen.

The gold seekers organized the Provisional Government of the Territory of Jefferson on August 24, 1859, but this new territory failed to secure approval from the Congress of the United States embroiled in the debate over slavery. The election of Abraham Lincoln for the President of the United States on November 6, 1860, led to the secession of nine southern slave states and the threat of civil war among the states. Seeking to augment the political power of the Union states, the Republican Party-dominated Congress quickly admitted the eastern portion of the Territory of Kansas into the Union as the free State of Kansas on January 29, 1861, leaving the western portion of the Kansas Territory, and its gold-mining areas, as unorganized territory.


Territory act[edit]




Thirty days later on February 28, 1861, outgoing U.S. President James Buchanan signed an Act of Congress organizing the free Territory of Colorado.[12] The original boundaries of Colorado remain unchanged except for government survey amendments. The name Colorado was chosen because it was commonly believed that the Colorado River originated in the territory.[42] In 1776, Spanish priest Silvestre Vélez de Escalante recorded that Native Americans in the area knew the river as el Rio Colorado for the red-brown silt that the river carried from the mountains.[43] In 1859, a U.S. Army topographic expedition led by Captain John Macomb located the confluence of the Green River with the Grand River in what is now Canyonlands National Park in Utah.[44] The Macomb party designated the confluence as the source of the Colorado River.

On April 12, 1861, South Carolina artillery opened fire on Fort Sumter to start the American Civil War. While many gold seekers held sympathies for the Confederacy, the vast majority remained fiercely loyal to the Union cause.

In 1862, a force of Texas cavalry invaded the Territory of New Mexico and captured Santa Fe on March 10. The object of this Western Campaign was to seize or disrupt the gold fields of Colorado and California and to seize ports on the Pacific Ocean for the Confederacy. A hastily organized force of Colorado volunteers force-marched from Denver City, Colorado Territory, to Glorieta Pass, New Mexico Territory, in an attempt to block the Texans. On March 28, the Coloradans and local New Mexico volunteers stopped the Texans at the Battle of Glorieta Pass, destroyed their cannon and supply wagons, and dispersed 500 of their horses and mules. The Texans were forced to retreat to Santa Fe. Having lost the supplies for their campaign and finding little support in New Mexico, the Texans abandoned Santa Fe and returned to San Antonio in defeat. The Confederacy made no further attempts to seize the Southwestern United States.

In 1864, Territorial Governor John Evans appointed the Reverend John Chivington as Colonel of the Colorado Volunteers with orders to protect white settlers from Cheyenne and Arapaho warriors who were accused of stealing cattle. Colonel Chivington ordered his men to attack a band of Cheyenne and Arapaho encamped along Sand Creek. Chivington reported that his troops killed more than 500 warriors. The militia returned to Denver City in triumph, but several officers reported that the so-called battle was a blatant massacre of Indians at peace, that most of the dead were women and children, and that bodies of the dead had been hideously mutilated and desecrated. Three U.S. Army inquiries condemned the action, and incoming President Andrew Johnson asked Governor Evans for his resignation, but none of the perpetrators was ever punished. This event is now known as the Sand Creek massacre.



In the midst and aftermath of Civil War, many discouraged prospectors returned to their homes, but a few stayed and developed mines, mills, farms, ranches, roads, and towns in Colorado Territory. On September 14, 1864, James Huff discovered silver near Argentine Pass, the first of many silver strikes. In 1867, the Union Pacific Railroad laid its tracks west to Weir, now Julesburg, in the northeast corner of the Territory. The Union Pacific linked up with the Central Pacific Railroad at Promontory Summit, Utah, on May 10, 1869, to form the First Transcontinental Railroad. The Denver Pacific Railway reached Denver in June the following year, and the Kansas Pacific arrived two months later to forge the second line across the continent. In 1872, rich veins of silver were discovered in the San Juan Mountains on the Ute Indian reservation in southwestern Colorado. The Ute people were removed from the San Juans the following year.


Statehood[edit]




The United States Congress passed an enabling act on March 3, 1875, specifying the requirements for the Territory of Colorado to become a state.[45] On August 1, 1876 (four weeks after the Centennial of the United States), U.S. President Ulysses S. Grant signed a proclamation admitting Colorado to the Union as the 38th state and earning it the moniker "Centennial State".[7]

The discovery of a major silver lode near Leadville in 1878 triggered the Colorado Silver Boom. The Sherman Silver Purchase Act of 1890 invigorated silver mining, and Colorado's last, but greatest, gold strike at Cripple Creek a few months later lured a new generation of gold seekers. Colorado women were granted the right to vote beginning on November 7, 1893, making Colorado the second state to grant universal suffrage and the first one by a popular vote (of Colorado men). The repeal of the Sherman Silver Purchase Act in 1893 led to a staggering collapse of the mining and agricultural economy of Colorado, but the state slowly and steadily recovered. Between the 1880s and 1930s, Denver's floriculture industry developed into a major industry in Colorado.[46][47] This period became known locally as the Carnation Gold Rush.[48]

Colorado became the first western state to host a major political convention when the Democratic Party met in Denver in 1908. By the U.S. Census in 1930, the population of Colorado first exceeded one million residents. Colorado suffered greatly through the Great Depression and the Dust Bowl of the 1930s, but a major wave of immigration following World War II boosted Colorado's fortune. Tourism became a mainstay of the state economy, and high technology became an important economic engine. The United States Census Bureau estimated that the population of Colorado exceeded five million in 2009.

Three warships of the U.S. Navy have been named the USS Colorado. The first USS Colorado was named for the Colorado River. The later two ships were named in honor of the state, including the battleship USS Colorado which served in World War II in the Pacific beginning in 1941. At the time of the attack on Pearl Harbor, this USS Colorado was located at the naval base in San Diego, Calif. and hence went unscathed.



Demographics[edit]


Colorado population density map



Historical population
CensusPop.

186034,277
187039,86416.3%
1880194,327387.5%
1890413,249112.7%
1900539,70030.6%
1910799,02448.0%
1920939,62917.6%
19301,035,79110.2%
19401,123,2968.4%
19501,325,08918.0%
19601,753,94732.4%
19702,207,25925.8%
19802,889,96430.9%
19903,294,39414.0%
20004,301,26230.6%
20105,029,19616.9%
Est. 20185,695,56413.2%
Sources: Census 1910–2010[49]
2018 estimate[11]

The United States Census Bureau estimates that the population of Colorado was 5,695,564 on July 1, 2018, a 13.25% increase since the 2010 United States Census.[11] Colorado's most populous city and capital, is Denver. The Greater Denver Metropolitan Area, with an estimated 2017 population of 3,515,374, is considered the largest metropolitan area within the state and is found within the larger Front Range Urban Corridor, home to around 5,000,000 people.

The largest increases are expected in the Front Range Urban Corridor, especially in the Denver metropolitan area. The state's fastest-growing counties are Douglas and Weld.[50] The center of population of Colorado is located just north of the village of Critchell in Jefferson County.[51]

According to the 2010 United States Census, Colorado had a population of 5,029,196. Racial composition of the state's population was:



































Colorado racial breakdown of population
Racial composition1970[52]1990[52]2000[53]2010[54]
White (includes White Hispanics)
95.7%
88.2%
82.8%
81.3%
Black
3.0%
4.0%
3.8%
4.0%
Asian
0.5%
1.8%
2.2%
2.8%
Native
0.4%
0.8%
1.0%
1.1%
Native Hawaiian and
other Pacific Islander


0.1%
0.1%
Other race
0.4%
5.1%
7.2%
7.2%
Two or more races


2.8%
3.4%

People of Hispanic and Latino American (of any race made) heritage made up 20.7% of the population.[55] According to the 2000 Census, the largest ancestry groups in Colorado are German (22%) including of Swiss and Austrian nationalities, Mexican (18%), Irish (12%), and English (12%). Persons reporting German ancestry are especially numerous in the Front Range, the Rockies (west-central counties), and Eastern parts/High Plains.

Colorado has a high proportion of Hispanic, mostly Mexican-American, citizens in Metropolitan Denver, Colorado Springs, as well as the smaller cities of Greeley and Pueblo, and elsewhere. Southern, Southwestern, and Southeastern Colorado has a large number of Hispanos, the descendants of the early Mexican settlers of colonial Spanish origin. In 1940, the Census Bureau reported Colorado's population as 8.2% Hispanic and 90.3% non-Hispanic white.[56] The Hispanic population of Colorado has continued to grow quickly over the past decades. By 2012, Hispanics made up 21% of Colorado's population, and Non-Hispanic Whites made up 69%.[57] Spoken English in Colorado has many Spanish idioms.[58]

Colorado also has some large African-American communities located in Denver, in the neighborhoods of Montbello, Five Points, Whittier, and many other East Denver areas. A relatively large population of African Americans are also found in Colorado Springs on the east and southeast side of the city. The state has sizable numbers of Asian-Americans of Mongolian, Chinese, Filipino, Korean, Southeast Asian, and Japanese descent. The highest population of Asian Americans can be found on the south and southeast side of Denver, as well as some on Denver's southwest side. The Denver metropolitan area is considered more liberal and diverse than much of the state when it comes to political issues and environmental concerns.

There were a total of 70,331 births in Colorado in 2006. (Birth rate of 14.6 per thousand.) In 2007, non-Hispanic whites were involved in 59.1% of all the births.[59] Some 14.06% of those births involved a non-Hispanic white person and someone of a different race, most often with a couple including one Hispanic. A birth where at least one Hispanic person was involved counted for 43% of the births in Colorado.[60] As of the 2010 Census, Colorado has the seventh highest percentage of Hispanics (20.7%) in the U.S. behind New Mexico (46.3%), California (37.6%), Texas (37.6%), Arizona (29.6%), Nevada (26.5%), and Florida (22.5%). Per the 2000 census, the Hispanic population is estimated to be 918,899 or approximately 20% of the state total population. Colorado has the 5th-largest population of Mexican-Americans, behind California, Texas, Arizona, and Illinois. In percentages, Colorado has the 6th-highest percentage of Mexican-Americans, behind New Mexico, California, Texas, Arizona, and Nevada.[61]


Birth data[edit]


In 2011, 46% of Colorado's population younger than the age of one were minorities, meaning that they had at least one parent who was not non-Hispanic white.[62][63]

Note: Births in table don't add up, because Hispanics are counted both by their ethnicity and by their race, giving a higher overall number.







































Live Births by Single Race/Ethnicity of Mother
Race
2013[64]2014[65]2015[66]2016[67]
White:
57,491 (88.4%)
58,117 (88.3%)
58,756 (88.2%)
...
> Non-Hispanic White
39,872 (61.3%)
40,629 (61.7%)
40,878 (61.4%)
39,617 (59.5%)
Black
3,760 (5.8%)
3,926 (6.0%)
4,049 (6.1%)
3,004 (4.5%)
Asian
2,863 (4.4%)
3,010 (4.6%)
2,973 (4.5%)
2,617 (3.9%)
American Indian
793 (1.2%)
777 (1.2%)
803 (1.2%)
412 (0.6%)
Pacific Islander



145 (0.2%)
Hispanic (of any race)
17,821 (27.4%)
17,665 (26.8%)
18,139 (27.2%)
18,513 (27.8%)
Total Colorado
65,007 (100%)
65,830 (100%)
66,581 (100%)
66,613 (100%)
  • Since 2016, data for births of White Hispanic origin are not collected, but included in one Hispanic group; persons of Hispanic origin may be of any race.

In 2017, Colorado recorded the second-lowest fertility rate in the United States outside of New England, after Oregon, at 1.63 children per woman.[68]


Language[edit]


Spanish is the second-most spoken language in Colorado, after English.[69] There is one Native Coloradan language still spoken in Colorado, Colorado River Numic (Ute).


Religion[edit]



Major religious affiliations of the people of Colorado are 64% Christian, of whom there are 44% Protestant, 16% Roman Catholic, 3% Mormon, and 1% Eastern Orthodox.[70] Other religious breakdowns are 1% Jewish, 1% Muslim, 1% Buddhist and 4% other. The religiously unaffiliated make up 29% of the population.[71]

The largest denominations by number of adherents in 2010 were the Catholic Church with 811,630; non-denominational Evangelical Protestants with 229,981; and The Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-day Saints with 151,433.[72]




Health[edit]


According to several studies, Coloradans have the lowest rates of obesity of any state in the US.[74] As of 200718% of the population was considered medically obese, and while the lowest in the nation, the percentage had increased from 17% in 2004.[75] According to a report in the Journal of the American Medical Association, residents of Colorado had a 2014 life expectancy of 80.21 years, the longest of any U.S. state.[76]


Culture[edit]




Fine arts[edit]


Film[edit]


A number of film productions have shot on location in Colorado, especially prominent Westerns like True GritThe Searchersand Butch Cassidy and the Sundance Kid. A number of historic military forts, railways with trains still operating, mining ghost towns have been utilized and transformed for historical accuracy in well known films. There are also a number of scenic highways and mountain passes that helped to feature the open road in films such as Vanishing PointBingo and Starman. Some Colorado landmarks have been featured in films, such as The Stanley Hotel in Dumb and Dumber and The Shining and the Sculptured House in Sleeper. In 2015, Furious 7 was to film driving sequences on Pikes Peak Highway in Colorado. The TV Series, Good Luck Charlie was being filmed in Denver, Colorado. The Colorado Office of Film and Television has noted that over 400 films have been shot in Colorado.[77]

There are also a number of established film festivals in Colorado, including Aspen Shortsfest, Boulder International Film Festival, Castle Rock Film Festival, Denver Film Festival, Festivus Film Festival (ended in 2013), Mile High Horror Film Festival, Moondance International Film Festival, Mountainfilm in Telluride, Rocky Mountain Women's Film Festival, and Telluride Film Festival.


Cuisine[edit]


Colorado is known for its Southwest and Rocky Mountain cuisine. Mexican restaurants are prominent throughout the state.

Boulder, Colorado was named America's Foodiest Town 2010 by Bon Appétit.[78] Boulder, and Colorado in general, is home to a number of national food and beverage companies, top-tier restaurants and farmers' markets. Boulder, Colorado also has more Master Sommeliers per capita than any other city, including San Francisco and New York.[79]

The Food & Wine Classic is held annually each June in Aspen, Colorado. Aspen also has a reputation as the culinary capital of the Rocky Mountain region.[80]

Denver is known for steak, but now has a diverse culinary scene with many restaurants.[81]


Wine and beer[edit]



Colorado wines include award-winning varietals that have attracted favorable notice from outside the state.[82] With wines made from traditional Vitis vinifera grapes along with wines made from cherries, peaches, plums and honey, Colorado wines have won top national and international awards for their quality.[83] Colorado's grape growing regions contain the highest elevation vineyards in the United States,[84] with most viticulture in the state practiced between 4,000 and 7,000 feet (1,219 and 2,134 m) above sea level. The mountain climate ensures warm summer days and cool nights. Colorado is home to two designated American Viticultural Areas of the Grand Valley AVA and the West Elks AVA,[85] where most of the vineyards in the state are located. However, an increasing number of wineries are located along the Front Range.[86] In 2018, Wine Enthusiast Magazine named Colorado's Grand Valley AVA in Mesa County, Colorado, as one of the Top Ten wine travel destinations in the world.[87]



Colorado is home to many nationally praised microbreweries,[88] including New Belgium Brewing Company, Odell Brewing Company, Great Divide Brewing Company, and Oskar Blues Brewery. The area of northern Colorado near and between the cities of Denver, Boulder, and Fort Collins is known as the "Napa Valley of Beer" due to its high density of craft breweries.[89]


Marijuana and hemp[edit]


Colorado is open to cannabis (marijuana) tourism.[90] With the adoption of their 64th state amendment in 2013, Colorado became the first state in the union to legalize the medicinal (2000), industrial (2013), and recreational (2014) use of marijuana. Colorado's marijuana industry sold $1.31 billion worth of marijuana in 2016 and $1.26 billion in the first three quarters of 2017.[91] The state generated tax, fee, and license revenue of $194 million in 2016 on legal marijuana sales.[92] Colorado regulates hemp as any part of the plant with less than 0.3% THC.[93]

Amendment 64, adopted by the voters in the 2012 general election, forces the Colorado state legislature to enact legislation governing the cultivation, processing and sale of recreational marijuana and industrial hemp.[94] On April 4, 2014, Senate Bill 14–184 addressing oversight of Colorado's industrial hemp program was first introduced, ultimately being signed into law by Governor John Hickenlooper on May 31, 2014.[95]


Medicinal use[edit]


On November 7, 2000, 54% of Colorado voters passed Amendment 20, which amends the Colorado State constitution to allow the medical use of marijuana.[96] A patient's medical use of marijuana, within the following limits, is lawful:


  • (I) No more than 2 ounces (57 g) of a usable form of marijuana; and

  • (II) No more than twelve marijuana plants, with six or fewer being mature, flowering plants that are producing a usable form of marijuana.[97]

Currently Colorado has listed "eight medical conditions for which patients can use marijuana—cancer, glaucoma, HIV/AIDS, muscle spasms, seizures, severe pain, severe nausea and cachexia, or dramatic weight loss and muscle atrophy."[98] Colorado Governor John Hickenlooper has allocated about half of the state's $13 million "Medical Marijuana Program Cash Fund"[99] to medical research in the 2014 budget.[100][101]


Recreational use[edit]


On November 6, 2012, voters amended the state constitution to protect "personal use" of marijuana for adults, establishing a framework to regulate marijuana in a manner similar to alcohol.[102] The first recreational marijuana shops in Colorado, and by extension the United States, opened their doors on January 1, 2014.[103]


Sports[edit]







Colorado has five major professional sports leagues, all based in the Denver metropolitan area. Colorado is the least populous state with a franchise in each of the major professional sports leagues.

The Pikes Peak International Hill Climb is a major hillclimbing motor race held at the Pikes Peak Highway.

The Cherry Hills Country Club has hosted several professional golf tournaments, including the U.S. Open, U.S. Senior Open, U.S. Women's Open, PGA Championship and BMW Championship.


Professional sports teams[edit]


































































Team
Home
First game
Sport
League
Boulder County Bombers
Boulder
November 2011
Roller Derby
Women's Flat Track Derby Association
Colorado Avalanche
Denver
October 6, 1995
Ice hockey
National Hockey League
Colorado Eagles
Loveland
October 17, 2003
Ice hockey
American Hockey League
Colorado Mammoth
Denver
January 3, 2003
Lacrosse
National Lacrosse League
Colorado Rapids
Commerce City
April 13, 1996
Soccer
Major League Soccer
Colorado Rockies
Denver
April 5, 1993
Baseball
Major League Baseball
Colorado Springs Switchbacks FC
Colorado Springs
March 28, 2015
Soccer
USL Championship
Denver Barbarians
Denver
Spring 1967
Rugby union
Pacific Rugby Premiership
Denver Broncos
Denver
September 9, 1960
Football
National Football League
Denver Nuggets
Denver
September 27, 1967
Basketball
National Basketball Association
Denver Outlaws
Denver
May 20, 2006
Lacrosse
Major League Lacrosse
Glendale Raptors
Glendale
Fall 2006
Rugby union
Major League Rugby
Grand Junction Rockies
Grand Junction
June 18, 2012
Baseball
Pioneer League (Rookie, Minor League Baseball)
Rocky Mountain Rollergirls
Denver
July 2005
Roller Derby
Women's Flat Track Derby Association
Rocky Mountain Vibes
Colorado Springs
June 2019
Baseball
Pioneer League (Rookie, Minor League Baseball)

College athletics[edit]



The following universities and colleges participate in the National Collegiate Athletic Association Division I. The most popular college sports program is the University of Colorado Buffaloes, who used to play in the Big-12 but now play in the Pac-12. They have won the 1957 and 1991 Orange Bowl, 1995 Fiesta Bowl, and 1996 Cotton Bowl Classic.



Economy[edit]





CNBC's list of "Top States for Business for 2010" has recognized Colorado as the third-best state in the nation, falling short to only Texas and Virginia.[108]



The total state product in 2015 was $318,600 million.[109] Median Annual Household Income in 2016 was $70,666, 8th in the nation.[110]Per capita personal income in 2010 was $51 940, ranking Colorado 11th in the nation.[111] The state's economy broadened from its mid-19th-century roots in mining when irrigated agriculture developed, and by the late 19th century, raising livestock had become important. Early industry was based on the extraction and processing of minerals and agricultural products. Current agricultural products are cattle, wheat, dairy products, corn, and hay.

The federal government is also a major economic force in the state with many important federal facilities including NORAD (North American Aerospace Defense Command), United States Air Force Academy, Schriever Air Force Base located approximately 10 miles (16 kilometers) east of Peterson Air Force Base, and Fort Carson, both located in Colorado Springs within El Paso County; NOAA, the National Renewable Energy Laboratory (NREL) in Golden, and the National Institute of Standards and Technology in Boulder; U.S. Geological Survey and other government agencies at the Denver Federal Center near Lakewood; the Denver Mint, Buckley Air Force Base, the Tenth Circuit Court of Appeals, and the Byron G. Rogers Federal Building and United States Courthouse in Denver; and a federal Supermax Prison and other federal prisons near Cañon City. In addition to these and other federal agencies, Colorado has abundant National Forest land and four National Parks that contribute to federal ownership of 24,615,788 acres (99,617 km2) of land in Colorado, or 37% of the total area of the state.[112]
In the second half of the 20th century, the industrial and service sectors have expanded greatly. The state's economy is diversified, and is notable for its concentration of scientific research and high-technology industries. Other industries include food processing, transportation equipment, machinery, chemical products, the extraction of metals such as gold (see Gold mining in Colorado), silver, and molybdenum. Colorado now also has the largest annual production of beer of any state.[113] Denver is an important financial center.

A number of nationally known brand names have originated in Colorado factories and laboratories. From Denver came the forerunner of telecommunications giant Qwest in 1879, Samsonite luggage in 1910, Gates belts and hoses in 1911, and Russell Stover Candies in 1923. Kuner canned vegetables began in Brighton in 1864. From Golden came Coors beer in 1873, CoorsTek industrial ceramics in 1920, and Jolly Rancher candy in 1949. CF&I railroad rails, wire, nails, and pipe debuted in Pueblo in 1892. Holly Sugar was first milled from beets in Holly in 1905, and later moved its headquarters to Colorado Springs. The present-day Swift packed meat of Greeley evolved from Monfort of Colorado, Inc., established in 1930. Estes model rockets were launched in Penrose in 1958. Fort Collins has been the home of Woodward Governor Company's motor controllers (governors) since 1870, and Waterpik dental water jets and showerheads since 1962. Celestial Seasonings herbal teas have been made in Boulder since 1969. Rocky Mountain Chocolate Factory made its first candy in Durango in 1981.

Colorado has a flat 4.63% income tax, regardless of income level. Unlike most states, which calculate taxes based on federal adjusted gross incomeColorado taxes are based on taxable income—income after federal exemptions and federal itemized (or standard) deductions.[114][115] Colorado's state sales tax is 2.9% on retail sales. When state revenues exceed state constitutional limits, according to Colorado's Taxpayer Bill of Rights legislation, full-year Colorado residents can claim a sales tax refund on their individual state income tax return. Many counties and cities charge their own rates, in addition to the base state rate. There are also certain county and special district taxes that may apply.

Real estate and personal business property are taxable in Colorado. The state's senior property tax exemption was temporarily suspended by the Colorado Legislature in 2003. The tax break was scheduled to return for assessment year 2006, payable in 2007.

As of December 2018the state's unemployment rate was 4.2%.[116]


Philanthropy[edit]


Major philanthropic organizations based in Colorado include the Daniels Fund, the Anschutz Family Foundation, the Gates Family Foundation, the El Pomar Foundation, and the Boettcher Foundation grant each year from approximately $7 billion[117] of assets.


Natural resources[edit]



Colorado has significant hydrocarbon resources. According to the Energy Information Administration, Colorado hosts seven of the Nation's 100 largest natural gas fields, and two of its 100 largest oil fields. Conventional and unconventional natural gas output from several Colorado basins typically account for more than 5 percent of annual U.S. natural gas production. Colorado's oil shale deposits hold an estimated 1 trillion barrels (160 km3) of oil—nearly as much oil as the entire world's proven oil reserves; the economic viability of the oil shale, however, has not been demonstrated.[118] Substantial deposits of bituminous, subbituminous, and lignite coal are found in the state.

Uranium mining in Colorado goes back to 1872, when pitchblende ore was taken from gold mines near Central City, Colorado. The Colorado uranium industry has seen booms and busts, but continues to this day. Not counting byproduct uranium from phosphate, Colorado is considered to have the third-largest uranium reserves of any U.S. state, behind Wyoming and New Mexico.

Uranium price increases from 2001 to 2007 prompted a number of companies to revive uranium mining in Colorado. Price drops and financing problems in late 2008 forced these companies to cancel or scale back uranium-mining project. Currently, there are no uranium producing mines in Colorado.

Colorado's high Rocky Mountain ridges and eastern plains offer wind power potential, and geologic activity in the mountain areas provides potential for geothermal power development. Much of the state is sunny, and could produce solar power. Major rivers flowing from the Rocky Mountains offer hydroelectric power resources. Corn grown in the flat eastern part of the state offers potential resources for ethanol production.


Transportation[edit]



A Colorado state welcome sign

Colorado's primary mode of transportation (in terms of passengers) is its highway system. Interstate 25 (I-25) is the primary north–south highway in the state, connecting Pueblo, Colorado Springs, Denver, and Fort Collins, and extending north to Wyoming and south to New Mexico. I-70 is the primary east–west corridor. It connects Grand Junction and the mountain communities with Denver, and enters Utah and Kansas. The state is home to a network of US and Colorado highways that provide access to all principal areas of the state. Many smaller communities are only connected to this network via county roads.


The main terminal of Denver International Airport evokes the peaks of the Front Range

Denver International Airport (DIA) is the fifth-busiest domestic U.S. airport and twentieth busiest airport in the world by passenger traffic.[119] DIA handles by far the largest volume of commercial air traffic in Colorado, and is the busiest U.S. hub airport between Chicago and the Pacific coast, making Denver the most important airport for connecting passenger traffic in the western United States.

Extensive public transportation bus services are offered both intra-city and inter-city—including the Denver metro area's extensive RTD services. The Regional Transportation District (RTD) operates the popular RTD Bus & Rail transit system in the Denver Metropolitan Area. As of January 2013 the RTD rail system had 170 light-rail vehicles, serving 47 miles (76 km) of track.



Amtrak operates two passenger rail lines in Colorado, the California Zephyr and Southwest Chief. Colorado's contribution to world railroad history was forged principally by the Denver and Rio Grande Western Railroad which began in 1870 and wrote the book on mountain railroading. In 1988 the "Rio Grande" acquired, but was merged into, the Southern Pacific Railroad by their joint owner Philip Anschutz. On September 11, 1996, Anschutz sold the combined company to the Union Pacific Railroad, creating the largest railroad network in the United States. The Anschutz sale was partly in response to the earlier merger of Burlington Northern and Santa Fe which formed the large Burlington Northern and Santa Fe Railway (BNSF), Union Pacific's principal competitor in western U.S. railroading. Both Union Pacific and BNSF have extensive freight operations in Colorado.

Colorado's freight railroad network consists of 2,688 miles of Class I trackage. It is integral to the U.S. economy, being a critical artery for the movement of energy, agriculture, mining, and industrial commodities as well as general freight and manufactured products between the East and Midwest and the Pacific coast states.[120]



In August 2014, Colorado began to issue driver licenses to aliens not lawfully in the United States who lived in Colorado.[121] In September 2014, KCNC reported that 524 non-citizens were issued Colorado driver licenses that are normally issued to U.S. citizens living in Colorado.[122]


Government and politics[edit]


























Colorado registered voters as of April 1, 2016[123]
Party
Number of Voters
Percentage

Unaffiliated
1,315,973
36.51%

Democratic
1,119,655
31.06%

Republican
1,117,244
30.99%

Libertarian
32,450
0.9%

Green
9,916
0.28%

American Constitution
9,193
0.26%
UNI
271
0.007%
Total
3,604,702
100%

State government[edit]



Like the federal government and all other U.S. states, Colorado's state constitution provides for three branches of government: the legislative, the executive, and the judicial branches.

The Governor of Colorado heads the state's executive branch. The current governor is Jared Polis, a Democrat. Colorado's other statewide elected executive officers are the Lieutenant Governor of Colorado (elected on a ticket with the Governor), Secretary of State of Colorado, Colorado State Treasurer, and Attorney General of Colorado, all of whom serve four-year terms.






















Gubernatorial election results
Year
Republican
Democratic
2018
42.8% 1,080,801
53.4% 1,348,888
2014
45.95% 938,195
49.3% 1,006,433
2010
11.3% 199,034
51.0% 912,005
2006
40.16% 625,886
56.98% 888,096
2002
62.62% 884,584
33.65% 475,373
1998
49.06% 648,202
48.43% 639,905
1994
38.70% 432,042
55.47% 619,205
1990
35.43% 358,403
61.89% 626,032

The seven-member Colorado Supreme Court is the highest judicial court in the state.
The state legislative body is the Colorado General Assembly, which is made up of two houses, the House of Representatives and the Senate. The House has 65 members and the Senate has 35. As of 2018the Democratic Party holds a 19 to 16 majority in the Senate and a 41 to 24 majority in the House.


Most Coloradans are native to other states (nearly 60% according to the 2000 census),[124] and this is illustrated by the fact that the state did not have a native-born governor from 1975 (when John David Vanderhoof left office) until 2007, when Bill Ritter took office; his election the previous year marked the first electoral victory for a native-born Coloradan in a gubernatorial race since 1958 (Vanderhoof had ascended from the Lieutenant Governorship when John Arthur Love was given a position in Richard Nixon's administration in 1973). In the 2016 election, the Democratic party won the Colorado electoral college votes.


Counties[edit]


An enlargeable map of the 64 counties of the State of Colorado


The State of Colorado is divided into 64 counties.[125] Counties are important units of government in Colorado since the state has no secondary civil subdivisions such as townships. Two of these counties, the City and County of Denver and the City and County of Broomfield, have consolidated city and county governments.

Nine Colorado counties have a population in excess of 250,000 each, while eight Colorado counties have a population of less than 2,500 each. The ten most populous Colorado counties are all located in the Front Range Urban Corridor.




































































The 15 Colorado counties with a population of at least 50,000
Rank
County
2017 Estimate
2010 Census
Change
1
City and County of Denver
704,621
600,158
+17.41%
2
El Paso County
699,232
622,263
+12.37%
3
Arapahoe County
643,052
572,003
+12.42%
4
Jefferson County
574,613
534,543
+7.50%
5
Adams County
503,167
441,603
+13.94%
6
Larimer County
343,976
299,630
+14.80%
7
Douglas County
335,299
285,465
+17.46%
8
Boulder County
322,514
294,567
+9.49%
9
Weld County
304,633
252,825
+20.49%
10
Pueblo County
166,475
159,063
+4.66%
11
Mesa County
151,616
146,723
+3.33%
12
City and County of Broomfield
68,341
55,889
+22.28%
13
Garfield County
59,118
56,389
+4.84%
14
La Plata County
55,589
51,334
+8.29%
15
Eagle County
54,772
52,197
+4.93%

Metropolitan areas[edit]




The United States Office of Management and Budget (OMB) has defined one combined statistical area (CSA),[126] seven Metropolitan Statistical Areas (MSAs),[127] and seven Micropolitan Statistical Areas (μSAs)[128] in the state of Colorado.[129]

The most populous of the 14 Core Based Statistical Areas in Colorado is the Denver-Aurora-Broomfield, CO Metropolitan Statistical Area. This area had an estimated population of 2,888,227 on July 1, 2017, an increase of +13.55% since the 2010 United States Census.[130]

The more extensive Denver-Aurora-Boulder, CO Combined Statistical Area had an estimated population of 3,515,374 on July 1, 2017, an increase of +13.73% since the 2010 United States Census.[130]

The most populous extended metropolitan region in Rocky Mountain Region is the Front Range Urban Corridor along the northeast face of the Southern Rocky Mountains. This region with Denver at its center had an estimated population of 4,495,181 on July 1, 2012, an increase of +3.73% since the 2010 United States Census.[130]



Municipalities[edit]



The state of Colorado currently has 271 active incorporated municipalities, including 196 towns, 73 cities, and two consolidated city and county governments.[131][132]

Colorado municipalities operate under one of five types of municipal governing authority. Colorado has one town with a territorial charter, 160 statutory towns, 12 statutory cities, 96 home rule municipalities (61 cities and 35 towns), and 2 consolidated city and county governments.



The skyline of downtown Denver with Speer Boulevard in the foreground



















































































































The 27 Colorado municipalities with a population of at least 25,000
Rank
Municipality
2017 Estimate
2010 Census
Change
1
City and County of Denver
704,621
600,158
+17.41%
2
City of Colorado Springs
464,474
416,427
+11.54%
3
City of Aurora
366,623
325,078
+12.78%
4
City of Fort Collins
165,080
143,986
+14.65%
5
City of Lakewood
154,958
142,980
+8.38%
6
City of Thornton
136,978
118,772
+15.33%
7
City of Arvada
118,807
106,433
+11.63%
8
City of Westminster
112,812
106,114
+6.31%
9
City of Pueblo
111,127
106,595
+4.25%
10
City of Centennial
110,250
100,377
+9.84%
11
City of Boulder
107,125
97,385
+10.00%
12
City of Greeley
105,448
92,889
+13.52%
13
City of Longmont
94,341
86,270
+9.36%
14
City of Loveland
76,701
66,859
+14.72%
15
City and County of Broomfield
68,341
55,889
+22.28%
16
City of Grand Junction
62,475
58,566
+6.67%
17
Town of Castle Rock
62,276
48,231
+29.12%
18
City of Commerce City
55,923
45,913
+21.80%
19
Town of Parker
54,202
45,297
+19.66%
20
City of Littleton
47,734
41,737
+14.37%
21
City of Brighton
40,562
33,352
+21.62%
22
City of Northglenn
38,928
35,789
+8.77%
23
City of Englewood
34,407
30,255
+13.72%
24
City of Wheat Ridge
31,294
30,166
+3.74%
25
City of Fountain
29,804
25,846
+15.31%
26
City of Lafayette
28,328
24,453
+15.85%
27
Town of Windsor
25,330
18,644
+35.86%

Unincorporated communities[edit]



In addition to its 271 municipalities, Colorado has 187 unincorporated Census Designated Places and many other small communities.








































































The 16 Census Designated Places in Colorado with a population of at least 10,000
Rank
Census Designated Place
2010 Census
2000 Census
Change
1
Highlands Ranch
96,713
70,931
+36.35%
2
Security-Widefield
32,882
29,845
+10.18%
3
Ken Caryl
32,438
30,887
+5.02%
4
Dakota Ridge
32,005
32,005
0.00%
5
Pueblo West
29,637
16,899
+75.38%
6
Columbine
24,280
24,095
+0.77%
7
Clifton
19,889
17,345
+14.67%
8
Sherrelwood
18,287
17,657
+3.57%
9
Cimarron Hills
16,161
15,194
+6.36%
10
Welby
14,846
12,973
+14.44%
11
Fort Carson
13,813
10,566
+30.73%
12
Black Forest
13,116
13,247
−0.99%
13
Berkley
11,207
10,743
+4.32%
14
Cherry Creek
11,120
11,120
0.00%
15
The Pinery
10,517
7,253
+45.00%
16
Edwards
10,266
8,257
+24.33%

Special districts[edit]


The state of Colorado has more than 3,000 districts with taxing authority. These districts may provide schools, law enforcement, fire protection, water, sewage, drainage, irrigation, transportation, recreation, infrastructure, cultural facilities, business support, redevelopment, or other services.

Some of these districts have authority to levy sales tax and well as property tax and use fees. This has led to a hodgepodge of sales tax and property tax rates in Colorado. There are some street intersections in Colorado with a different sales tax rate on each corner, sometimes substantially different.

Some of the more notable Colorado districts are:


  • The Regional Transportation District (RTD), which affects the counties of Denver, Boulder, Jefferson, and portions of Adams, Arapahoe, Broomfield, and Douglas Counties

  • The Scientific and Cultural Facilities District (SCFD), a special regional tax district with physical boundaries contiguous with county boundaries of Adams, Arapahoe, Boulder, Broomfield, Denver, Douglas, and Jefferson Counties
    • It is a 0.1% retail sales and use tax (one penny on every $10).

    • According to the Colorado statute, the SCFD distributes the money to local organizations on an annual basis. These organizations must provide for the enlightenment and entertainment of the public through the production, presentation, exhibition, advancement or preservation of art, music, theater, dance, zoology, botany, natural history or cultural history.

    • As directed by statute, SCFD recipient organizations are currently divided into three "tiers" among which receipts are allocated by percentage.
      • Tier I includes regional organizations: the Denver Art Museum, the Denver Botanic Gardens, the Denver Museum of Nature and Science, the Denver Zoo, and the Denver Center for the Performing Arts. It receives 65.5%.

      • Tier II currently includes 26 regional organizations. Tier II receives 21%.

      • Tier III has over 280 local organizations such as small theaters, orchestras, art centers, and natural history, cultural history, and community groups. Tier III organizations apply for funding to the county cultural councils via a grant process. This tier receives 13.5%.

    • An 11-member board of directors oversees the distributions in accordance with the Colorado Revised Statutes. Seven board members are appointed by county commissioners (in Denver, the Denver City Council) and four members are appointed by the Governor of Colorado.

  • The Football Stadium District (FD or FTBL), approved by the voters to pay for and help build the Denver Broncos' stadium Sports Authority Field at Mile High

  • Local Improvement Districts (LID) within designated areas of southeast Jefferson and Boulder counties

  • The Metropolitan Major League Baseball Stadium District, approved by voters to pay for and help build the Colorado Rockies' stadium Coors Field

  • Regional Transportation Authority (RTA) taxes at varying rates in Basalt, Carbondale, Glenwood Springs, Gunnison County

Federal politics[edit]





















Presidential elections results
Year
Republican
Democratic
2016
43.3% 1,202,484
48.1% 1,338,870
2012
46.12% 1,185,050
51.49% 1,322,998
2008
44.71% 1,073,584
53.66% 1,288,568
2004
51.69% 1,101,255
47.02% 1,001,732
2000
50.75% 883,745
42.39% 738,227
1996
45.80% 691,848
44.43% 671,152
1992
35.87% 562,850
40.13% 629,681
1988
53.06% 728,177
45.28% 621,453
Treemap of the popular vote by county, 2016 presidential election.

Colorado is considered a swing state in both state and federal elections. Coloradans have elected 17 Democrats and 12 Republicans to the governorship in the last 100 years. In presidential politics, Colorado was considered a reliably Republican state during the post-World War II era, only voting for the Democratic candidate in 1948, 1964, and 1992. However, it became a competitive swing state by the turn of the century, and voted consecutively for Democrat Barack Obama in 2008 and 2012, as well as Democrat Hillary Clinton in 2016.

Colorado politics has the contrast of conservative cities such as Colorado Springs and liberal cities such as Boulder and Denver. Democrats are strongest in metropolitan Denver, the college towns of Fort Collins and Boulder, southern Colorado (including Pueblo), and a few western ski resort counties. The Republicans are strongest in the Eastern Plains, Colorado Springs, Greeley, and far Western Colorado near Grand Junction.

The state of Colorado is represented by its two United States Senators:


Colorado is represented by seven Representatives to the United States House of Representatives:




Significant bills passed in Colorado[edit]


On the November 8, 1932 ballot, Colorado approved the repeal of alcohol prohibition more than a year before the Twenty-first Amendment to the United States Constitution was ratified.

In 2012, voters amended the state constitution protecting "personal use" of marijuana for adults, establishing a framework to regulate cannabis in a manner similar to alcohol. The first recreational marijuana shops in Colorado, and by extension the United States, opened their doors on January 1, 2014.[103]


Education[edit]









Colleges and universities in Colorado:




Military installations[edit]




Colorado is currently the home of seven major military bases and installations.


Former Military installations and outposts include:



Protected areas[edit]







Colorado is home to 4 national parks, 8 national monuments, 2 national recreation areas, 2 national historic sites, 3 national historic trails, a national scenic trail, 11 national forests, 2 national grasslands, 42 national wilderness areas, 2 national conservation areas, 8 national wildlife refuges, 44 state parks, 307 state wildlife areas, and numerous other scenic, historic, and recreational areas.

Units of the National Park System in Colorado:




See also[edit]




References[edit]



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  107. ^ Several Northern Colorado teams participate in other conferences in sports that the Big Sky does not sponsor:

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  128. ^ The United States Office of Management and Budget defines a Micropolitan Statistical Area (μSA) as a Core Based Statistical Area having at least one urban cluster of at least 10,000 but less than 50,000 population, plus adjacent territory that has a high degree of social and economic integration with the core as measured by commuting ties.

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  133. ^ By legislative act enacted August 1, 2012, approved by Governor John Hickenlooper.

  134. ^ a b Managed by the United States Department of Agriculture, National Forest Service.

  135. ^ Jointly managed by the United States Department of the Interior, Bureau of Land Management and the United States Department of Agriculture, National Forest Service.

  136. ^ Managed by the United States Department of the Interior, Bureau of Land Management.

  137. ^ Jointly managed by the United States Department of Agriculture, National Forest Service, and the United States Department of the Interior, National Park Service and Bureau of Land Management.


Further reading[edit]



  • Explore Colorado, A Naturalist's HandbookThe Denver Museum of Natural History and Westcliff Publishers, 1995, ISBN 1-56579-124-X for an excellent guide to the ecological regions of Colorado.

  • The Archeology of ColoradoRevised EditionE. Steve Cassells, Johnson Books, Boulder, Colorado, 1997, trade paperback, ISBN 1-55566-193-9.

  • Chokecherry Places, Essays from the High PlainsMerrill Gilfillan, Johnson Press, Boulder, Colorado, trade paperback, ISBN 1-55566-227-7.

  • Gunther, John (1947). "–But Scenery Is Not Enough". Inside U.S.A. New York, London: Harper & Brothers. pp. 213–226.

  • The Tie That BindsKent Haruf, 1984, hardcover, ISBN 0-03-071979-8, a fictional account of farming in Colorado.

  • Railroads of Colorado: Your Guide to Colorado's Historic Trains and Railway SitesClaude Wiatrowski, Voyageur Press, 2002, hardcover, 160 pages, ISBN 0-89658-591-3

  • Study Finds Legal Marijuana Motivates Many Tourists to Visit Colorado(n.d.). Retrieved from http://www.denverpost.com/business/ci_29225304/marijuana-has-huge-influence-colorado-tourism-state-survey

External links[edit]



State government


Federal government


Other




Coordinates: 39°00′N 105°30′W / 39°N 105.5°W / 39; -105.5E








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