Jacksonville, Florida - Wikipedia

Größte Stadt in Florida

Konsolidierter Stadtkreis in Florida, Vereinigte Staaten

Jacksonville, Florida
Stadt Jacksonville
Spitzname (n): "Jax", "The River City", "J-ville", "Die kühne neue Stadt des Südens"
Motto (s): Wo Florida beginnt [19650005] Lage im Duval County [19659010] Koordinaten: 30 ° 20′13 ″ N 81 ° 39′41 ″ W / 30.33694 ° N 81.66139 ° W / 30.33694; -81,66139 Koordinaten: 30 ° 20′13 ″ N 81 ° 39′41 ″ W / 30,33694 ° N 81,66139 ° W / [19456531] 30.33694; -81.66139 [1]
Land	Vereinigte Staaten
Bundesstaat	Florida
Grafschaft	Grafschaft		gegründet	1822	19659025] konsolidiert [2]	1968
benannt nach	Andrew Jackson
Regierung
• Typ	Starker Bürgermeister-Rat
Jacksonville City Council
• Bürgermeister	Lenny Curry (R)
Gebiet
• Gesamt	874,64 km² (2.265,30 km 2 )
• Land
1.935,87 km 2 )
• Wasser	127,19 km² (329,42 km 2 )
Höhe	16 ft (5 m)	19659037] Bevölkerung
• Insgesamt	821.784
• Schätzung	892.062
• Rang	1. Platz in Florida 12. Platz in den Vereinigten Staaten	1,1 454,89 / km 2 )
• Urban	1.065.219 (USA: 40.)
• Metro	1.504.980 (US: 39.)
• CSA [19659024] 1,631,488 (USA: 34.)
Demonyme	Jacksonvillian, Jaxson [7] [19650070] [8]
Zeitzone	UTC-5 (Eastern (EST)
• Sommer (DST)	UTC-4 (EDT)
Postleitzahlen	32099, 32201–32212, 32214–32241, 32244–32247, 32250, 32254–32260, 32266, 32267, 32277, 32290
Vorwahlnummer (n)	904
FIPS-Code	12-35000
GNIS-Funktions-ID	0295003 [194909023] Flughafen	Internationaler Flughafen Jacksonville
Autobahn	]
Wasser Wege	St. Johns River, Fall Creek, Arlington River
Website	Stadt Jacksonville

Jacksonville ist die bevölkerungsreichste Stadt im US-Bundesstaat Florida, die bevölkerungsreichste Stadt im Südosten der Vereinigten Staaten und die größte Stadt nach Gebiet in den angrenzenden Vereinigten Staaten. ^{[10] [11]} Es ist der Sitz des Bezirks Duval, ^[12] mit dem die Stadtregierung 1968 konsolidiert wurde. Durch die Konsolidierung erhielt Jacksonville seine große Größe und stellte den Großteil seiner Großstadtbevölkerung innerhalb der Stadtgrenzen. Ab 2017 wurde die Bevölkerung von Jacksonville auf 892.062 geschätzt. ^[13] Der Großraum Jacksonville hat eine Bevölkerung von 1.631.488 und ist der viertgrößte in Florida. ^[14]

Jacksonville liegt am First des St. Johns River Küstenregion im Nordosten von Florida, etwa 40 km südlich der Georgia State Line und 528 km nördlich von Miami. ^[15] Die Jacksonville Beaches-Gemeinden liegen an der angrenzenden Atlantikküste. Das Gebiet war ursprünglich von den Timucua bewohnt, und im Jahr 1564 befand sich hier die französische Kolonie Fort Caroline, eine der ältesten europäischen Siedlungen der heutigen kontinentalen Vereinigten Staaten. Unter britischer Herrschaft wuchs die Siedlung an der engen Stelle im Fluss, wo Vieh kreuzte, bekannt als Wacca Pilatka an die Seminole und den Cow Ford an die Briten. Eine plattierte Stadt wurde 1822 gegründet, ein Jahr nachdem die Vereinigten Staaten Florida aus Spanien gewonnen hatten. Es wurde nach Andrew Jackson benannt, dem ersten Militärgouverneur des Florida Territory und dem siebten Präsidenten der Vereinigten Staaten.

Hafenverbesserungen seit dem späten 19. Jahrhundert haben Jacksonville zu einem bedeutenden militärischen und zivilen Tiefwasserhafen gemacht. Seine Lage am Fluss erleichtert die Marinestation Mayport, die Marineflugstation Jacksonville, das Blount Island Command der US-Marine Corps und den Hafen von Jacksonville, den drittgrößten Seehafen Floridas. ^[16] Die Militärstützpunkte von Jacksonville und die nahe gelegene Marine-U-Boot-Basis Kings Bay bilden die drittgrößte militärische Präsenz in den Vereinigten Staaten. ^[17] Wesentliche Faktoren für die lokale Wirtschaft sind Dienstleistungen wie Banken, Versicherungen, Gesundheitswesen und Logistik. Wie in weiten Teilen Floridas ist der Tourismus für die Region Jacksonville von Bedeutung, insbesondere für den Golfsport. ^{[18] [19]} Menschen aus Jacksonville werden möglicherweise als "Jacksonvillians" oder "Jaxsons" (auch "Jaxons") bezeichnet. ^{[7] [8]}

History [ edit [19659099] Frühgeschichte [ edit ]

Das Gebiet der modernen Stadt Jacksonville ist seit Tausenden von Jahren besiedelt. Auf der Black Hammock Island im nationalen ökologischen und historischen Reservat Timucuan entdeckte ein Team der University of North Florida einige der ältesten Keramikreste der Vereinigten Staaten aus dem Jahr 2500 v. Chr. ^[20] Im 16. Jahrhundert, dem Beginn der historischen Ära, wurde die Region von der Mocama, einer Küstenuntergruppe der Timucua, bewohnt. Zum Zeitpunkt des Kontakts mit den Europäern waren alle Mocama-Dörfer im heutigen Jacksonville Teil der mächtigen Herrschaft Saturiwa, die sich um die Mündung des St. Johns River drehte. ^[21] Eine frühe Karte zeigt ein Dorf namens Ossachite an der Stelle des heutigen Jacksonville; Dies ist möglicherweise der früheste Name dieses Gebiets. ^[22]

Der französische Hugenottenforscher Jean Ribault zeichnete den St. Johns River 1562 und nannte ihn den Fluss Mai, da dies der Monat seiner Entdeckung war. Ribault errichtete an seinem Landeplatz in der Nähe der Flussmündung eine Steinsäule und beanspruchte das neu entdeckte Land für Frankreich. ^[23] 1564 gründete René Goulaine de Laudonnière die erste europäische Siedlung Fort Caroline auf den St. Johns in der Nähe des Hauptortes der Saturiwa. Philipp II. Von Spanien befahl Pedro Menéndez de Avilés, die Interessen Spaniens zu schützen, indem er die französische Präsenz in Fort Caroline angriff. Am 20. September 1565 griff eine spanische Truppe aus der nahe gelegenen spanischen Siedlung St. Augustine Fort Caroline an und tötete fast alle französischen Soldaten, die es verteidigten. ^[24] Die Spanier benannten die Festung in San Mateo um, und nach dem Ausschluss der Franzosen wurde Augustins Position als wichtigste Siedlung in Florida verfestigt. Der Standort von Fort Caroline ist umstritten, aber 1964 wurde am St. Johns River eine Rekonstruktion des Forts errichtet. ^[25]

Der Nordosten von Florida zeigt Cow Ford (Mitte) aus der 1776-Karte von Bernard Romans Florida

Spanien trat Florida nach dem Französisch-Indischen Krieg 1763 an die Briten ab, und die Briten bauten bald die King's Road, die St. Augustine mit Georgia verband. Die Straße überquerte den St. Johns River an einem schmalen Punkt, den die Seminole Wacca Pilatka und die Briten Cow Ford nannten; diese Namen spiegeln angeblich die Tatsache wider, dass Vieh dort über den Fluss gebracht wurde. ^{[26] [27] [28]} Die Briten führten den Anbau von Zuckerrohr, Indigo und Früchten sowie den Export von Bauholz ein. Infolgedessen florierte das Gebiet im Nordosten Floridas wirtschaftlicher als unter den Spaniern. ^[29] Großbritannien übergab das Gebiet 1783 an Spanien, nachdem es im Amerikanischen Unabhängigkeitskrieg besiegt worden war, und die Siedlung am Cow Ford wuchs weiter.

Gründung und 19. Jahrhundert [ edit ]

Nachdem Spanien das Territorium Florida im Jahre 1821 an die Vereinigten Staaten abgetreten hatte, beschlossen amerikanische Siedler auf der Nordseite des Cow Ford, eine Stadt zu planen , die Straßen und Plates auslegen. Sie nannten die Stadt Jacksonville nach Präsident Andrew Jackson. Unter der Führung von Isaiah D. Hart schrieben die Bewohner eine Charta für eine Stadtregierung, die am 9. Februar 1832 vom Florida Legislative Council genehmigt wurde.

Während des amerikanischen Bürgerkriegs war Jacksonville eine wichtige Versorgungsstelle für Schweine und Vieh, die aus Florida verschifft wurden, um die konföderierten Streitkräfte zu ernähren. Die Stadt wurde von Unionstruppen blockiert, die die Kontrolle über das nahe gelegene Fort Clinch erlangten. Obwohl in Jacksonville keine Schlachten ausgetragen wurden, wechselte die Stadt mehrmals zwischen den Streitkräften der Union und der Konföderation. In der Scharmützel der Ziegelkirche im Jahre 1862 gewannen die Konföderierten ihren ersten Sieg im Staat. ^[30] Gewerkschaftskräfte eroberten jedoch eine Konföderationsposition in der Schlacht von St. Johns Bluff und besetzten Jacksonville 1862. Sklaven flohen in Unionslinien in die Freiheit. Im Februar 1864 verließen die Unionstruppen Jacksonville und konfrontierten eine konföderierte Armee in der Schlacht von Olustee mit einer Niederlage.

Die Union zog sich nach Jacksonville zurück und hielt die Stadt für den Rest des Krieges fest. Im März 1864 konfrontierte eine konföderierte Kavallerie eine Expedition der Union in der Schlacht von Cedar Creek. Krieg und lange Besetzung führten dazu, dass die Stadt nach dem Krieg unterbrochen wurde. ^[31]

Während des Wiederaufbaus und der vergoldeten Zeit wurden Jacksonville und das nahegelegene St. Augustine zu beliebten Wintersportorten für Reiche und Berühmte. Besucher kamen mit dem Dampfschiff und später mit der Eisenbahn an. Präsident Grover Cleveland besuchte am 22. Februar 1888 während seiner Reise nach Florida die subtropische Exposition in der Stadt. ^[32] Dies unterstreicht die Sichtbarkeit des Staates als würdiger Ort für den Tourismus. Der Tourismus der Stadt wurde jedoch Ende des 19. Jahrhunderts durch Gelbfieber-Ausbrüche schwer getroffen. Darüber hinaus zog die Erweiterung der Florida East Coast Railway weiter südlich Besucher in andere Gebiete. Von 1893 bis 1938 war Jacksonville der Standort des alten Soldaten- und Matrosenheims von Florida; es betrieb einen nahe gelegenen Friedhof. ^[33]

20. und 21. Jahrhundert [ edit

1900 bis 1939 [ edit []. 19659117] Am 3. Mai 1901 wurde die Innenstadt von Jacksonville von einem Feuer verwüstet, das als Küchenbrand begann. Spanisches Moos in einer nahegelegenen Matratzenfabrik war schnell in Flammen versunken und ermöglichte eine schnelle Ausbreitung des Feuers. In nur acht Stunden fuhr er durch 146 Häuserblöcke, zerstörte mehr als 2.000 Gebäude, ließ rund 10.000 Obdachlose zurück und tötete sieben Einwohner. Das Confederate Monument im Hemming Park war eines der wenigen Wahrzeichen, die das Feuer überlebten. Gouverneur William Sherman Jennings erklärte das Kriegsrecht und sandte die Staatsmiliz, um die Ordnung aufrechtzuerhalten; Am 17. Mai wurde die Stadtverwaltung wieder aufgenommen. ^[34] Es wird gesagt, dass das Leuchten der Flammen in Savannah, Georgia, und die Rauchschwaden in Raleigh, North Carolina, zu sehen waren. Bekannt als "Great Fire of 1901", war dies eine der schlimmsten Katastrophen in der Geschichte Floridas und der größte Stadtbrand im Südosten der Vereinigten Staaten. Der Architekt Henry John Klutho war eine Hauptfigur beim Wiederaufbau der Stadt. Das erste mehrstöckige Gebäude, das von Klutho erbaut wurde, war das Dyal-Upchurch-Gebäude im Jahre 1902. ^{[35] [36]} Das St. James-Gebäude, das an der vorherigen Stelle des abgebrochenen St. James Hotels erbaut wurde, wurde 1912 als Kluthos krönender Erfolg errichtet. ^[37]

Downtown Jacksonville 1914

In den 1910er Jahren Die in New York lebenden Filmemacher waren vom warmen Klima von Jacksonville, exotischen Standorten, hervorragender Bahnanbindung und billiger Arbeitskraft angezogen. Im Laufe des Jahrzehnts wurden über 30 Stummfilmstudios gegründet, die Jacksonville den Titel "Winterfilmhauptstadt der Welt" gaben. Mit dem Aufkommen Hollywoods als bedeutendes Filmproduktionszentrum endete die Filmindustrie der Stadt. Eine umgebaute Filmstudio-Site, Norman Studios, bleibt in Arlington; In den Norman Studios wurde es zum Jacksonville Silent Film Museum umgebaut. ^[38]

In dieser Zeit wurde Jacksonville auch ein Banken- und Versicherungszentrum mit Unternehmen wie der Barnett Bank, der Atlantic National Bank und der Florida National Bank , Prudential, Gulf Life, afroamerikanische Versicherungen, unabhängiges Leben und amerikanisches Erbe leben im Geschäftsviertel. Die US-Navy wurde in den 1940er-Jahren und im Zweiten Weltkrieg zu einem bedeutenden Arbeitgeber und einer großen Wirtschaftskraft. Sie baute zwei Stützpunkte in der Stadt und das US-Marine-Korps, das Blount Island Command gründete.

1940 bis 1979 [ edit ]

Wie die meisten Großstädte in den Vereinigten Staaten litt Jacksonville unter den negativen Auswirkungen der raschen Zersiedelung nach dem Zweiten Weltkrieg. Der Bau von Bundesstraßen war eine Art Subvention, die die Entwicklung von Vorstadtwohnungen ermöglichte, und wohlhabendere, besser etablierte Einwohner zogen in neuere Wohnungen in den Vororten. Nach dem Zweiten Weltkrieg begann die Regierung der Stadt Jacksonville die Ausgaben für die Finanzierung neuer öffentlicher Bauvorhaben im Nachkriegsaufschwung zu erhöhen. Bürgermeister W. Haydon Burns ' Jacksonville Story führte zum Bau eines neuen Rathauses, eines öffentlichen Auditoriums, einer öffentlichen Bibliothek und anderer Projekte, die ein dynamisches Gefühl von Bürgerstolz hervorriefen. Die Entwicklung von Vorstädten führte zu einer wachsenden Mittelschicht außerhalb des Stadtkerns. Dies führte dazu, dass die Bevölkerung von Jacksonville im städtischen Kern stärker von Armut betroffen war. ^[39]

Angesichts der Migration von Einwohnern, Unternehmen und Arbeitsplätzen in der Nachkriegszeit sank die Steuerbasis der Stadt. Die Finanzierung von Bildung, Hygiene und Verkehrskontrolle innerhalb der Stadtgrenzen war schwierig. Darüber hinaus hatten Anwohner in nicht eingebauten Vororten Schwierigkeiten, städtische Dienstleistungen wie Abwasser und die Durchsetzung von Bauvorschriften zu erhalten. Im Jahr 1958 wurde in einer Studie empfohlen, dass die Stadt Jacksonville mit der Annexion abgelegener Gemeinden beginnt, um die erforderliche größere geografische Steuerbasis zu schaffen, um die Dienstleistungen im gesamten Landkreis zu verbessern. Wähler außerhalb der Stadtgrenzen lehnten Annexionspläne in sechs Referenden zwischen 1960 und 1965 ab. Die größte ethnische Gruppe der Stadt, nicht hispanisch weiß, ^[39] sank von 75,8% der Bevölkerung im Jahr 1970 auf 55,1% bis 2010 ^[40]

Am 29. Dezember 1963 tötete das Hotel Roosevelt 22 Menschen, die höchste eintägige Zahl der Todesopfer in Jacksonville. ^[41] Am 10. September 1964 landete der Hurrikan Dora in der Nähe von St. Augustine und verursachte schwere Schäden an Gebäuden in Nordflorida. Der Hurrikan Dora war der erste Hurrikan, der einen direkten Schlag gegen Nordflorida auslöste. ^[42]

Mitte der 1960er Jahre kam es zu Korruptionsskandalen unter Stadtbeamten, die hauptsächlich Teil eines traditionellen konservativen demokratischen Netzwerks waren, das die Politik dominiert hatte für Jahrzehnte. Nachdem eine Grand Jury zu Ermittlungen einberufen worden war, wurden elf Beamte angeklagt und weitere wurden zum Rücktritt gezwungen.

Jacksonville Consolidation, angeführt von JJ Daniel und Claude Yates, begann in dieser Zeit mehr Unterstützung von den beiden in der Innenstadt gelegenen Schwarzen zu gewinnen, die nach der Verabschiedung der Bürgerrechtsgesetzgebung ihre stärkere Beteiligung an der Regierung wünschten, und die Weißen in den Vorstädten, die mehr Dienstleistungen und mehr Kontrolle über die Innenstadt wollten. Im Jahr 1964 verloren alle 15 öffentlichen Gymnasien des Duval County ihre Akkreditierung. Dies fügte den Vorschlägen für eine Regierungsreform neue Impulse hinzu. Niedrigere Steuern, eine stärkere wirtschaftliche Entwicklung, die Vereinheitlichung der Gemeinschaft, bessere öffentliche Ausgaben und eine effektive Verwaltung durch eine zentralere Behörde wurden alle als Gründe für eine neue konsolidierte Regierung angeführt.

Als 1967 ein Konsolidierungsreferendum abgehalten wurde, stimmten die Wähler dem Plan zu. Am 1. Oktober 1968 schlossen sich die Stadt- und Bezirksregierungen zusammen, um die konsolidierte Stadt Jacksonville zu gründen. Feuer, Polizei, Gesundheit und Wohlbefinden, Erholung, öffentliche Arbeiten sowie Wohnbau und Stadtentwicklung wurden unter der neuen Regierung zusammengefasst. Zu diesem Anlass posierte der damalige Bürgermeister Hans Tanzler mit der Schauspielerin Lee Meredith hinter einem Schild, das die neue Grenze der "Kühnen Neuen Stadt des Südens" in Florida 13 und Julington Creek markierte. ^[43] Durch die Konsolidierung wurde eine 900 Quadratmeilen-Einheit geschaffen.

1980 bis heute [ edit ]

Tommy Hazouri half, während seiner einzigen Amtszeit als Bürgermeister, die 1987 begann, Umweltvorschriften hinzuzufügen und die Geruchsbelästigung zu reduzieren. ^{[44] [44]} Ed Austin wurde 1991 in das Bürgermeisteramt gewählt und schlug Hazouri. Sein nachhaltigster Beitrag ist das River City Renaissance-Programm, eine Anleihe in Höhe von 235 Millionen US-Dollar, die 1993 von der Stadt Jacksonville ausgegeben wurde. Sie finanzierte die Stadterneuerung und erneuerte die historischen Stadtviertel der Stadt. Austin beaufsichtigte den Kauf und die Renovierung des St. James Building in der Stadt, das schließlich das Rathaus von Jacksonville werden sollte. Er war Bürgermeister zu der Zeit, als Jacksonville seine National Football League-Franchise, die Jacksonville-Jaguare, erhielt. ^[45] Die NFL verlieh Jacksonville eine NFL-Franchise mit dem Namen Jacksonville Jaguars am 30. November 1993. ^[46]

The Better Jacksonville Plan, als Entwurf für Jacksonville's Zukunft beworben und von Jacksonville-Wählern genehmigt 2000 genehmigte sie einen halben Cent Umsatzsteuer. Dies würde den größten Teil der erforderlichen Einnahmen für das 2,25-Milliarden-Dollar-Paket aus Großprojekten generieren, die Verbesserungen der Straßen- und Infrastrukturinfrastruktur, die Erhaltung der Umwelt, gezielte wirtschaftliche Entwicklung und neue oder verbesserte öffentliche Einrichtungen umfassten. ^[47]

Im Jahr 2005 war Jacksonville Gastgeber Super Bowl XXXIX wurde von geschätzten 86 Millionen Zuschauern gesehen. ^[48]

Im Oktober 2016 verursachte Hurrikan Matthew schwere Überschwemmungen und Schäden an Jacksonville, Jacksonville Beach, Atlantic Beach und Neptune Beach, den ersten derartigen Schaden das Gebiet seit 2004. ^[49] Im September 2017 verursachte der Hurrikan Irma in Jacksonville rekordbrechende Überschwemmungen, die seit 1846 nicht mehr zu sehen waren. ^{[50] [51]}

Geography [ edit

Cityscape [19659098] [ edit ]

Topographie [ edit ]

Laut dem United States Census Bureau hat die Stadt eine Gesamtfläche von 874,3 Quadratmeilen (2.264.) km ² ), wodurch Jacksonville die größte Stadt im Landgebiet in den angrenzenden Vereinigten Staaten ist; Davon sind 86,66% (757,7 km² oder 1,962 km ² ) Land und 13,34% (116,7 km² oder 302 km ² ) Wasser. Jacksonville umgibt die Stadt Baldwin. Nassau County liegt im Norden, Baker County im Westen und Clay und St. Johns County im Süden. Der Atlantik liegt im Osten, zusammen mit den Jacksonville Beaches. Der St. Johns River teilt die Stadt. Der Trout River, ein wichtiger Nebenfluss des St. Johns River, liegt vollständig in Jacksonville.

Etwas südlich von Jacksonville, nördlich von Saint Augustine, markiert die Grenze, wo die Halbinsel Floridian endet und das kontinentale Nordamerika beginnt. Jacksonville liegt nördlich dieser Linie. Noch in der nordamerikanischen Küstenebene beginnt die Topographie, leichte piemontesische Merkmale anzunehmen. Wie der Central Florida Grat und das Piedmont beginnt das Gebiet einige Kilometer im Landesinneren abzufallen. Auf der Westseite von Jacksonville dominiert eine Reihe niedriger Kämme. Der Höhepunkt von Jacksonville steigt auf Trail Ridge auf einer Höhe von 190 Fuß über dem Meeresspiegel entlang der Grenze zu Baker County.

Die Bodenzusammensetzung besteht in erster Linie aus Sand und Ton und nicht aus Kalkstein, so dass sich nur sehr wenige Dolinen entwickeln; es treten jedoch tiefe Löcher mit großem Durchmesser auf. ^[52]

Architektur [ edit

Die Architektur von Jacksonville variiert im Stil. Nur wenige Gebäude in der Innenstadt sind vor dem großen Feuer von 1901 entstanden. ^[53] Die Stadt beherbergt eine der größten Sammlungen von Gebäuden der Prairie School außerhalb des Mittleren Westens. ^[54] Nach dem großen Feuer von 1901 beeinflusste Henry John Klutho Generationen lokaler Designer mit seinen Werken sowohl der von Louis Sullivan als Chicagoer Schule als auch der von Frank Lloyd Wright bekannt gewordenen Prairie School of Architecture. In Jacksonville befindet sich auch eine bemerkenswerte Sammlung moderner Architektur aus der Mitte des Jahrhunderts. ^[55] Die lokalen Architekten Robert C. Broward, Taylor Hardwick und William Morgan haben eine Reihe von Gestaltungsprinzipien angepasst, darunter Internationaler Stil, Brutalismus, Futurismus und Organismus, die alle mit einer amerikanischen Interpretation, die heute allgemein als modernes Design aus der Mitte des Jahrhunderts bezeichnet wird, Anwendung finden. ^[55] Die Architekturbüros Reynolds, Smith & Hills (RS & H) ^[56] und Kemp, Bunch & Jackson (KBJ) haben ebenfalls eine Reihe wichtiger Werke zur modernen Architekturbewegung der Stadt beigetragen.

Die frühere vorherrschende Stellung von Jacksonville als regionales Geschäftszentrum prägte die Skyline der Stadt unauslöschlich. Viele der frühesten Wolkenkratzer des Staates wurden in Jacksonville aus dem Jahr 1902 errichtet. ^[57] Die Stadt hatte zuletzt den staatlichen Höhenrekord von 1974 bis 1981. ^[58] Das höchste Gebäude in der Innenstadt von Jacksonville ist der Bank of America Tower, der 1990 als Barnett Center erbaut wurde. Es hat eine Höhe von 188 m und umfasst 42 Etagen. ^{[59] [60]} Weitere bemerkenswerte Bauwerke sind das 37-stöckige Wells Fargo Center (mit seiner unverwechselbaren ausgestelltem Sockel, die es zum prägenden Gebäude in der Skyline von Jacksonville macht), ^{[61] [62]} ursprünglich von 1972 bis 1974 gebaut die Independent Life and Accident Insurance Company und der 28-stöckige Riverplace Tower. Als dieser Turm 1967 fertiggestellt wurde, war er die höchste vorgefertigte, nachgespannte Betonkonstruktion der Welt. ^{[63] [64]}

Neighborhoods [ edit ]

Es gibt mehr als 500 Stadtteile in der Umgebung von Jacksonville. ^[65] Dazu gehören Downtown Jacksonville und die umliegenden Viertel, darunter LaVilla, Brooklyn, Riverside und Avondale, Springfield, Eastside und San Marco. ^[66] Darüber hinaus ist der Großraum Jacksonville traditionell in mehrere amorphe Gebiete unterteilt, die große Teile des Bezirks Duval umfassen. Dies sind Northside, Westside, Southside und Arlington sowie die Jacksonville Beaches. ^[67]

Es gibt vier Gemeinden, die ihre eigenen Regierungen seit der Konsolidierung behalten haben; Dies sind Baldwin und die drei Jacksonville Beaches-Städte Atlantic Beach, Neptune Beach und Jacksonville Beach. ^[68] Vier von Jacksonvilles Stadtteilen, Avondale, Ortega, Springfield und Riverside, wurden als historische Bezirke der USA bezeichnet und befinden sich im National Register of Historic Places. ^[69]

Climate [ bearbeiten ]

Jacksonville
Klimadiagramm (Erklärung)
J F M A M J J A S S S S S O ] N D Mittlere max. und min. Temperaturen in ° F Niederschlagswerte in Zoll
Metrische Umwandlung J F M A M J J ] S O N D durchschnittliche max. und min. Temperaturen in ° C Niederschlagssummen in mm

Gemäß der Köppen-Klimaklassifizierung hat Jacksonville ein feuchtes subtropisches Klima mit heißen und nassen Sommern sowie milden und trockeneren Wintern. Saisonale Niederschläge konzentrieren sich auf die wärmsten Monate von Mai bis September, wenn kurze, aber heftige Regengüsse mit Donner und Blitzen üblich sind, während die trockensten Monate von November bis April sind. Die durchschnittliche jährliche Niederschlagsmenge liegt zwischen etwa 12 ° C (53 ° F) im Januar und 28 ° C (82 ° F) im Juli. Hohe Temperaturen liegen im Jahresdurchschnitt durchschnittlich zwischen 18 und 33 ° C. ^[71] Hohe Wärmeindizes sind in den Sommermonaten in der Region üblich, wobei Indizes über 43 ° C (110 ° F) möglich sind. Die höchste Temperatur wurde am 11. Juli 1879 und am 28. Juli 1872 auf 40 ° C gemessen. ^[72] Es ist üblich, dass Gewitter an einem typischen Sommernachmittag ausbrechen. Diese werden durch die schnelle Erwärmung des Bodens relativ zum Wasser in Kombination mit extrem hoher Luftfeuchtigkeit verursacht.

Die Stadt Jacksonville hat im Durchschnitt nur etwa 10 bis 15 Nächte bei oder unter dem Gefrierpunkt. Solches kaltes Wetter ist normalerweise kurzlebig. ^[73] Die kälteste Temperatur, die am Jacksonville International Airport aufgezeichnet wurde, betrug am 21. Januar 1985 7 ° F (–14 ° C). Jacksonville hat seit 1911 drei Tage mit messbarem Schnee aufgezeichnet, zuletzt ein 2,5 cm (2,5 cm) Schnee im Dezember 1989 ^[74] und Unruhen im Dezember 2010. ^[75]

Jacksonville hat seit 1871 nur einen direkten Treffer eines Hurrikans erhalten. Die Seltenheit von direkten Streiks wird dem Zufall zugeschrieben. ^{19460107] Die Stadt hat jedoch mehr als ein Dutzend Mal Hurrikan- oder Near-Hurricane-Bedingungen erlebt, weil Stürme den Golfstaat vom Golf von Mexiko zum Atlantik überquerten oder im Atlantik nach Norden oder Süden gingen und an diesem Gebiet vorbeizogen. [77] Der stärkste Effekt auf Jacksonville war der Hurrikan Dora im Jahr 1964, der einzige aufgezeichnete Sturm, der die First Coast mit anhaltenden Wirbelstürmen traf. Das Auge überquerte St. Augustine mit Winden, die gerade noch auf 180 km / h zurückgegangen waren, was es zu einer starken Kategorie 2 auf der Saffir-Simpson-Skala machte. Im Jahr 1979 kam der Hurrikan David um 40 Meilen vor der Küste vor und brachte Winde um 95 Meilen pro Stunde. [77] Hurricane Floyd im Jahr 1999 verursachte hauptsächlich Schäden an Jacksonville Beach; Der Pier von Jacksonville Beach wurde schwer beschädigt und später abgerissen.}

Im Jahr 2004 wurde Jacksonville von Hurrikan Frances und Hurricane Jeanne überschwemmt, die südlich des Gebiets landeten, und durch Tropical Storm Bonnie, der einen kleinen Tornado hervorbrachte, geringfügige Schäden erlitten. ^[78] Jacksonville erlitt auch Schäden durch die Tropensturm-Fay 2008, die den Staat kreuz und quer durchzogen und Teile von Jacksonville für vier Tage in Dunkelheit brachte. Fay hat den Pier von Jacksonville Beach, der nach Floyd wieder aufgebaut worden war, beschädigt, aber nicht zerstört. Am 28. Mai 2012 wurde Jacksonville von Tropical Storm Beryl getroffen, wobei Winde mit einer Geschwindigkeit von bis zu 113 km / h (113 km / h) gepackt wurden, wodurch in der Nähe von Jacksonville Beach ein Landfall entstand. Der Hurrikan Matthew passierte 37 nach Osten mit einem Wind von 110 Meilen pro Stunde. Es verursachte Sturmfluten, ausgedehnte Überschwemmungen des Atlantiks und des St. Johns River sowie Windschäden. der Sturm hat die Macht für 250.000 Menschen niedergeschlagen. ^{[76] [77]} Im Jahr 2017 passierte der Hurrikan Irma 75 Meilen nach Westen mit 65 Meilen pro Stunde Wind. ^[77] Es verursachte schwere Sturmfluten und Überschwemmungen und überschritt 1964 den Überschwemmungsrekord des Hurrikans Dora. ^[76]

Klimadaten für Jacksonville, Florida (Jacksonville Int'l), 1981-2010 Normals, [a] ] Extreme 1871 - Gegenwart [b]
Monat	Jan	Feb.		April	Mai	Jun	Jul	Aug	Sep		Nov	Dez	Jahr
Aufzeichnung hoch ° F (° C)	85 (29)	88 (31)	91 (33)	95 (35)	100 (38)	103 (39)	104 (40)	102 (39)	100 (38)	95 (35)	89 (32)	84 (29)	104 (40)
Mittleres Maximum ° F (° C)	79.7 (26.5)	82.2 (27.9)	85.6 (29.8)	89.7 (32.1)	93.8 (34.3)	97.0 (36.1)	97,9 (36.6)	96.4 (35.8)	93,5 (34.2)	89.3 (31.8)	84.1 (28.9)	80,9 (27.2)	98.8 (37.1)
Durchschnittlich hohe ° F (° C)	64.8 (18.2)	68.2 (20.1)	73.7 (23.2)	79.2 (26.2)	85.5 (29.7)	89.9 (32.2)	92.0 (33.3)	90.9 (32.7)	86,9 (30.5)	80.4 (26.9)	73.5 (23.1)	66.6 (19.2)	79.3 (26.3)
Durchschnittlich niedriger ° F (° C)	41.4 (5.2)	44.7 (7.1)	49.7 (9.8)	54.7 (12.6)	62.7 (17.1)	70.0 (21.1)	72,6 (22.6)	72,7 (22.6)	69,5 (20.8)	60.5 (15.8)	50,9 (10.5)	43,9 (6.6)	57,8 (14.3)
Mittleres Minimum ° F (° C)	23.7 (- 4.6)	27.5 (- 2.5)	32,3 (0,2)	39.4 (4.1)	50.3 (10.2)	61.5 (16.4)	67.4 (19.7)	67.6 (19.8)	59.4 (15.2)	49.6 (9.8)	33.5 (0.8)	26.9 (−2.8)	21.6 (−5.8)
Record low °F (°C)	7 (−14)	10 (−12)	23 (−5)	31 (−1)	45 (7)	47 (8)	61 (16)	63 (17)	48 (9)	33 (1)	21 (−6)	11 (−12)	7 (−14)
Average precipitation inches (mm)	3.30 (84)	3.19 (81)	3.95 (100)	2.64 (67)	2.48 (63)	6.45 (164)	6.55 (166)	6.80 (173)	8.19 (208)	3.93 (100)	2.11 (54)	2.80 (71)	52.39 (1,331)
Average precipitation days (≥ 0.01 in)	8.3	7.6	8.2	5.7	6.4	13.9	13.8	15.0	12.2	8.2	6.8	7.4	113.5
Average relative humidity (%)	74.9	72.2	71.2	69.5	72.7	76.8	77.7	80.3	80.8	78.6	77.7	76.7	75.8
Mean monthly sunshine hours	189.4	193.8	257.9	286.4	303.9	283.6	282.0	262.4	228.2	214.6	193.9	183.6	2,879.7
Percent possible sunshine	59	62	69	74	72	67	65	64	62	61	61	58	65
Source: NOAA (relative humidity and sun 1961−1990)[72][79][80][81]

Parks[edit]

The City of Jacksonville has a unique park system, with various lands operated by the National Park Service, Florida State Parks and the City of Jacksonville Department of Parks and Recreation. Jacksonville operates the largest urban park system in the United States, providing facilities and services at more than 337 locations on more than 80,000 acres (320 km²) located throughout the city.^[82] A number of parks provide access for people to boat, swim, fish, sail, jetski, surf and waterski. Several parks around the city have received international recognition.^{[citation needed]}

National parks[edit]

The Timucuan Preserve is a U.S. National Preserve comprising over 46,000 acres (19,000 ha) of wetlands and waterways. It includes natural and historic areas such as the Fort Caroline National Memorial and the Kingsley Plantation, the oldest standing plantation in the state.

State parks[edit]

There are several state parks within the city limits of Jacksonville, these include Amelia Island State Park, Big Talbot Island State Park, Fort George Island Cultural State Park, George Crady Bridge Fishing Pier State Park, Little Talbot Island State Park, Pumpkin Hill Creek Preserve State Park and Yellow Bluff Fort Historic State Park.

City parks[edit]

• Confederate Park is a public park on the southern bounds of the historic neighborhood of Springfield, and is part of a network of parks that parallel Hogans Creek. The park opened in 1907 as Dignan Park, named for a former chairman of the city's Board of Public Works. In 1914, the park hosted the annual reunion of the United Confederate Veterans, a gathering of former Confederate soldiers. Five months after the reunion the city renamed the park "Confederate Park." A Confederate monument was erected in 1915 honoring the Women of the Southland.^[83]

• Hemming Park is a 1.54-acre (6,200 m²) public park in the heart of the government center in downtown. Originally a village green, it was the first and is the oldest park in the city. The area was established as a public square in 1857 by Isaiah Hart, founder of Jacksonville. The first Wednesday of every month, Hemming Park is converted into the centerpiece of Jacksonville's Downtown Art Walk. The third Thursday of every month Hemming Park hosts a night market called Jaxsons Night Market.^[86]


• Klutho Park is an 18.34-acre (74,200 m²) public park, between downtownand the historic neighborhood of Springfield. It is part of a network of parks that parallel Hogans Creek, Klutho Park being the largest. Created between 1899 and 1901 on land donated by the Springfield Company. The park also housed the City's first zoo, opening at the park in 1914. The Hogans Creek Improvement Project of 1929–30, designed by architect Henry J. Klutho, turned much of the park grounds into a Venetian-style promenade.^[87]


• Jacksonville-Baldwin Rail Trail is a 14.5-mile (23.3 km) Rail Trail that extends northwest to Baldwin, Florida. It includes three separate paths; a multi-use asphalt trail for hiking, jogging, in-line skating or cycling; an off-road bike trail; and a horseback riding trail.^[88]


• Jessie Ball DuPont Park is a 7-acre (2.8 ha) park, home to Treaty Oak, a massive 250-year-old tree in the Southbank.^[89]


• Metropolitan Park is a 32-acre (130,000 m²) waterfront park on the St. Johns River, in the Sports Complex area of downtown. The multi-purpose facility contains an exhibition area, picnic and playground area, and a performance pavilion which has a capacity of 10,000 persons.^[90]

• Memorial Park is a 5.85-acre (23,700 m²) public park, on the St. Johns River in the historic neighborhoods Riverside. Completed in 1924, it is the third oldest park in the city. Built to honor of the 1,200 Floridians who died serving during World War I, the notable Olmsted Brothers were commissioned to design the park, along with local architect Roy A. Benjamin. Charles Adrian Pillars designed the bronze sculpture, 'Life', prominently showcased in the park.^[91]


• Riverside Park is an 11.4-acre (46,000 m²) public park, in the historic neighborhood of Riverside. It is the second oldest park in the city.^[92]


• Riverwalk 2.0 miles (3.2 km) along the St. Johns from Berkman Plaza to I-95 at the Fuller Warren Bridge while the Southbank Riverwalk stretches 1.2 miles (1.9 km) from the Radisson Hotel to Museum Circle. The Jacksonville Landing is a popular riverfront dining and shopping venue, accessible by River Taxi from the Southbank Riverwalk. Adjacent to Museum Circle is St. Johns River Park, also known as Friendship Park. It is the location of Friendship Fountain, one of the most recognizable and popular attractions in Jacksonville. This landmark was built in 1965 and promoted as the "World's Tallest and Largest" fountain at the time.^[93]


• Veterans Memorial Wall is a tribute to local servicemen and women killed while serving in US armed forces. A ceremony is held each Memorial Day recognizing any service woman or man from Jacksonville who died in the previous year.^[94]

Other[edit]

Demographics[edit]

Historical population
Census	Pop.		%±
1850	1,045		—
1860	2,118		102.7%
1870	6,912		226.3%
1880	7,650		10.7%
1890	17,201		124.8%
1900	28,429		65.3%
1910	57,699		103.0%
1920	91,558		58.7%
1930	129,549		41.5%
1940	173,065		33.6%
1950	204,275		18.0%
1960	201,030		−1.6%
1970	528,865		163.1%
1980	540,920		2.3%
1990	635,230		17.4%
2000	735,503		15.8%
2010	821,784		11.7%
Est. 2017	892,062	[6]	8.6%
U.S. Decennial Census[101]

Jacksonville is the most populous city in Florida, and the twelfth most populous city in the United States. As of 2010^[update]there were 821,784 people and 366,273 households in the city. Jacksonville has the country's tenth-largest Arab population, with a total population of 5,751 according to the 2000 United States Census.^[102][103] Jacksonville has Florida's largest Filipino American community, with 25,033 in the metropolitan area as of the 2010 Census. Much of Jacksonville's Filipino community served in or has ties to the United States Navy.^[104]

Map of racial distribution in Jacksonville, 2010 U.S. Census. Each dot is 25 people: WhiteBlackAsian Hispanicor Other (yellow)

As of 2010^[update]those of Hispanic or Latino ancestry accounted for 7.7% of Jacksonville's population. Out of the 7.7%, 2.6% Puerto Rican, 1.7% Mexican, and 0.9% were Cuban.^[105]

As of 2010^[update]those of African ancestry accounted for 30.7% of Jacksonville's population, which includes African Americans. Out of the 30.7%, 1.8% were Sub-Saharan Africa, 1.4% were West Indian or Afro-Caribbean American (0.5% Haitian, 0.4% Jamaican, 0.1% Other or Unspecified West Indian, 0.1% Bahamian, 0.1% Barbadian), and 0.6% were Black Hispanics.^{[105][106][107]}

As of 2010^[update]those of (non-Hispanic white) European ancestry accounted for 55.1% of Jacksonville's population. Out of the 55.1%, 10.4% were German, 10.2% Irish, 8.8% English, 3.9% Italian, 2.2% French, 2.0% Scottish, 2.0% Scotch-Irish, 1.7% Polish, 1.1% Dutch, 0.6% Russian, 0.5% Norwegian, 0.5% Swedish, 0.5% Welsh, and 0.5% were French Canadian.^[107]

As of 2010^[update]those of Asian ancestry accounted for 4.3% of Jacksonville's population. Out of the 4.3%, 1.8% Filipino, 0.9% were Indian, 0.6% Other Asian, 0.5% Vietnamese, 0.3% Chinese, 0.2% Korean, and 0.1% were Japanese.^[107]

In 2010, 6.7% of the population considered themselves to be of only American ancestry (regardless of race or ethnicity.)^[106][107] And 0.9% were of Arab ancestry, as of 2010^[update].^[107]

As of 2010^[update]there were 366,273 households out of which 11.8% were vacant. 23.9% of households had children under the age of 18 living with them, 43.8% were married couples, 15.2% had a female householder with no husband present, and 36.4% were non-families. 29.7% of all households were made up of individuals and 7.9% had someone living alone who was 65 years of age or older. The average household size was 2.55 and the average family size was 3.21. In the city, the population was spread out with 23.9% under the age of 18, 10.5% from 18 to 24, 28.5% from 25 to 44, 26.2% from 45 to 64, and 10.9% who were 65 years of age or older. The median age was 35.5 years. For every 100 females, there were 94.1 males. For every 100 females age 18 and over, there were 91.3 males.^[107][108]

In 2010, the median income for a household in the county was $48,829, and the median income for a family was $59,272. Males had a median income of $42,485 versus $34,209 for females. The per capita income for the county was $25,227. About 10.5% of families and 14.3% of the population were below the poverty line, including 20.4% of those under age 18 and 9.9% of those aged 65 or over.^[109]

In 2010, 9.2% of the county's population was foreign born, with 49.6% being naturalized American citizens. Of foreign born residents, 38.0% were born in Latin America, 35.7% born in Asia, 17.9% were born in Europe, 5.9% born in Africa, 1.9% in North America, and 0.5% were born in Oceania.^[107]

As of 2010^[update]87.1% of Jacksonville's population age five and over spoke only English at home while 5.8% of the population spoke Spanish at home. About 3.3% spoke other Indo-European languages at home. About 2.9% spoke Asian languages or Pacific Islander languages/Oceanic languages at home. The remaining 0.9% of the population spoke other languages at home. In total, 12.9% spoke another language other than English.^[107]

As of 2000, speakers of English as a first language accounted for 90.60% of all residents, while those who spoke Spanish made up 4.13%, Tagalog 1.00%, French 0.47%, Arabic 0.44%, German 0.43%, Vietnamese at 0.31%, Russian was 0.21% and Italian made up 0.17% of the population.^[110]

Religion[edit]

Jacksonville has a diverse religious population. The largest religious group is Protestant. According to the Association of Religion Data Archives (ARDA), in 2010 the Jacksonville metropolitan area had an estimated 365,267 Evangelical Protestants, 76,100 Mainline Protestants, and 56,769 Black Protestants, though figures for the latter were incomplete. There were around 1200 Protestant congregations in various denominations.^[111] Notable Protestant churches include Bethel Baptist Institutional Church and First Baptist Church, the city's oldest Baptist churches. The Episcopal Diocese of Florida has its see at St. John's Cathedral, the current building dating to 1906.

Jacksonville is part of the Catholic Diocese of St. Augustine, which covers seventeen counties in North Florida.^[112] ARDA estimated 133,155 Catholics attending 25 parishes in the Jacksonville metropolitan area in 2010.^[111] One notable Catholic church in Jacksonville is the Basilica of the Immaculate Conception, a minor basilica added to the National Register of Historic Places in 1992.^[113][114] There are also two Eastern Catholic parishes, one of the Syriac Catholic Church and one of the Maronite Church.^[115] According to ARDA, in 2010 there were 2520 Eastern Orthodox Christians representing four churches in the Eastern Orthodox communion, as well as congregations of Syriac Orthodox, Armenian Apostolic, Ethiopian Orthodox, and Coptic Orthodox Christians.^[111]

ARDA also estimated 14,886 members of The Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-day Saints (LDS Church) and 511 Unitarian Universalists in 2010.^[111] There were an estimated 8,581 Muslims attending seven mosques, the largest being the Islamic Center of Northeast Florida.^[111][116] The Jewish community, which numbered 6,028 in 2010,^[111] is largely centered in the neighborhood of Mandarin.^[117] There are five Orthodox, two Reform, two Conservative, and one Reconstructionist synagogues. The Rohr Jewish Learning Institute teaches courses for the community.^[111][118]

ARDA also estimated 4,595 Hindus, 3,530 Buddhists and 650 Bahá'ís in the Jacksonville area in 2010.^[111]

Economy[edit]

Jacksonville's location on the St. Johns River and the Atlantic Ocean proved providential in the growth of the city and its industry. Jacksonville has a sizable deepwater port, which helps make it a leading port in the U.S. for automobile imports, as well as the leading transportation and distribution hub in the state. However, the strength of the city's economy lies in its broad diversification. While the area once had many thriving dairies such as Gustafson's Farm and Skinner Dairy, this aspect of the economy has declined over time. The area's economy is balanced among distribution, financial services, biomedical technology, consumer goods, information services, manufacturing, insurance and other industries.

Jacksonville is home to many prominent corporations and organizations, including the headquarters of four Fortune 500 companies: CSX Corporation, Fidelity National Financial, Fidelity National Information Services and Southeastern Grocers.^[119]Interline Brands is based in Jacksonville and is currently owned by The Home Depot.^[120] The Florida East Coast Railway, Swisher International Group, Crowley Maritime, and the large short line railroad holding company RailAmerica are also based in Jacksonville.

In 2008, Jacksonville had approximately 2.8 million visitors who stayed overnight, spending nearly $1 billion. Research Data Services of Tampa was commissioned to undertake the study, which quantified the importance of tourism. The total economic impact was $1.6 billion and supported nearly 43,000 jobs, 10% of the local workforce.^[121]

Banking and financial services[edit]

Jacksonville has long had a regional legacy in banking and finance. Locally headquartered Atlantic National Bank, Florida National Bank and Barnett Bank dominated the industry in Florida from the turn of the 20th century through the 1980s, before all being acquired in a national wave of mergers and acquisitions throughout the entire financial sector. Acquired by NationsBank in 1997, Barnett Bank was the last of these banks to succumb to acquisition, and at the time was the largest banking merger in U.S. history.^[122] The city still holds distinction nationally and internationally, boosting two Fortune 500 financial services companies, Fidelity National Financial and FIS, FIS being well recognized as a global leader in financial technology.^[123] Headquartered on the banks of the St. Johns River in Downtown Jacksonville, EverBank holds the title of largest bank in the state by deposits.^[124] The city is home to other notable financial services institutions including Ameris Bancorp, Atlantic Coast Financial, Black Knight Financial Services, MedMal Direct Insurance Company, US Assure, and VyStar Credit Union. The city is also home to the Jacksonville Branch of the Federal Reserve Bank of Atlanta.^[125]

Jacksonville's financial sector has benefited from a rapidly changing business culture, as have other Sunbelt cities like Atlanta, Tampa, and Charlotte. In a concept known as nearshoring, financial institutions are shifting operations away from high-cost addresses like Wall Street, and have even shifted trading functions to Jacksonville.^[126] With relatively low-cost real estate, easy access to New York City, high-quality of life and 19,000 financial sector employees, Jacksonville has become an appealing option for relocating staff.^[127] Perhaps the best example of this is the growth of Deutsche Bank's presence in the city. Jacksonville is home to Deutsche Bank's second largest US operation; only New York is larger.^[128] Other institutions with a notable presence in Jacksonville include Macquarie Group, Bank of America, Wells Fargo, JPMorgan Chase, Citi, Citizens Property Insurance, Fidelity Investments, Ally Financial and Aetna.^[129]

Logistics[edit]

Jacksonville is a rail, air, and highway focal point and a busy port of entry, with Jacksonville International Airport, ship repair yards and extensive freight-handling facilities. Lumber, phosphate, paper, cigars and wood pulp are the principal exports; automobiles and coffee are among imports. The city's manufacturing base provides just 4.5% of local jobs, versus 8.5% nationally.^[130]
According to Forbes in 2007, Jacksonville, Florida ranked 3rd in the top ten U.S. cities to relocate to find a job.^[131] Jacksonville was also the 10th fastest growing city in the U.S.^[132]

To emphasize the city's transportation business and capabilities, the Jacksonville Regional Chamber of Commerce filed Jacksonville America's Logistics Center as a trademark on November 9, 2007. It was formally registered on August 4, 2009.^[133] Cornerstone began promoting the city as "Jacksonville: America's Logistics Center" in 2009. Signs were added to the existing city limit markers on Interstate 95.^[134]

The Port of Jacksonville, a seaport on the St. Johns River, is a large component of the local economy. Approximately 50,000 jobs in Northeast Florida are related to port activity and the port has an economic impact of $2.7 billion in Northeast Florida:^[135] The three maritime shippers who ship to Puerto Rico are all headquartered in Jacksonville: TOTE Maritime, Crowley Maritime, and Trailer Bridge.

Cecil Commerce Center is located on the site of the former Naval Air Station Cecil Field which closed in 1999 following the 1993 Base Realignment and Closure (BRAC) decision. Covering a total area of 22,939 acres (92.83 km²), it was the largest military base in the Jacksonville area. The parcel contains more than 3% of the total land area in Duval County (17,000 acres (69 km²)). The industrial and commercial-zoned center offers mid to large-size parcels for development and boasts excellent transportation and utility infrastructure as well as the third-longest runway in Florida.

Media and technology[edit]

The Florida Times-Union is the major daily newspaper in Jacksonville and the First Coast. Jacksonville.com is its official website. The Financial News & Daily Record is a daily paper focused on the business and legal communities. Weekly papers include the Jacksonville Business Journalan American City Business Journals publication focused on business news, Folio Weeklythe city's chief alternative weekly, and The Florida Star and the Jacksonville Free Presstwo weeklies catering to African Americans. Jax4Kidsa monthly newspaper, caters to parents.^[136]EU Jacksonville is a monthly entertainment magazine. Metro Jacksonville is an online-only publication.

Jacksonville is the 47th largest local television market in the United States,.^[137] Despite its large population, Jacksonville has always been a medium-sized market because the surrounding suburbs and rural areas are not much larger than the city itself. It is served by television stations affiliated with major American networks including WTLV 12 (NBC) and its sister station WJXX 25 (ABC), WJAX-TV 47 (CBS) and WFOX-TV 30 (Fox; with MyNetworkTV/MeTV on DT2), which operates WJAX-TV under a joint sales and shared services agreement, WJCT 7 (PBS), and WCWJ 17 (CW). WJXT 4, WCWJ's sister station, is a former longtime CBS affiliate that turned independent in 2002.

Jacksonville is the 49th largest local radio market in the United States,^[138] and is dominated by the same two large ownership groups that dominate the radio industry across the United States: Cox Radio^[139] and iHeartMedia.^[140] The dominant AM radio station in terms of ratings is WOKV 690AM, which is also the flagship station for the Jacksonville Jaguars.^[141] In May 2013, WOKV began simulcasting on 104.5 FM as WOKV FM. There are two radio stations broadcasting a primarily contemporary hits format; WAPE 95.1 has dominated this niche for over twenty years, and more recently has been challenged by WKSL 97.9 FM (KISS FM). WJBT 93.3 (The Beat) is a hip-hop/R&B station, 96.9 The Eagle WJGL operates a Classic Hits format while its HD subchannel WJGL-HD2 operates an Urban CHR format under the moniker Power 106.1, WWJK 107.3 is an Adult Variety station. WEZI 102.9 is a soft adult contemporary station, WXXJ X106.5 is an alternative station, WQIK 99.1 is a country station as well as WGNE-FM 99.9, WCRJ FM 88.1/WSOS-FM 94.1 (The Promise) is the main Contemporary Christian music station operating since 1984, and WJCT 89.9 is the local National Public Radio affiliate. WJKV 90.9 FM is an Educational Media Foundation K-LOVE outlet. The NPR and PRX radio show, State of the Re:Union, hosted by performance poet and playwright, Al Letson, is headquartered and produced in Jacksonville.

Military and defense[edit]

Jacksonville is home to three naval facilities, and with Naval Submarine Base Kings Bay nearby makes Jacksonville the third largest naval presence in the country.^[17] Only Norfolk, Virginia and San Diego, California are bigger. The military is by far the largest employer in Jacksonville and its total economic impact is approximately $6.1 billion annually. Several veterans service organizations are also headquartered in Jacksonville including Wounded Warrior Project.^[142]

Naval Air Station Jacksonville is a military airport located 4 miles (6 km) south of the central business district. Approximately 23,000 civilian and active-duty personnel are employed on the base. There are 35 operational units/squadrons assigned there and support facilities include an airfield for pilot training, a maintenance depot capable of virtually any task, from changing a tire to intricate micro-electronics or total engine disassembly. Also on-site is a Naval Hospital, a Fleet Industrial Supply Center, a Navy Family Service Center, and recreational facilities.^[143]

Naval Station Mayport is a Navy Ship Base that is the third largest fleet concentration area in the U.S. Mayport's operational composition is unique, with a busy harbor capable of accommodating 34 ships and an 8,000-foot (2,400 m) runway capable of handling any aircraft used by the Department of Defense. Until 2007, it was home to the aircraft carrier USS John F. Kennedywhich locals called "Big John". In January 2009, the Navy committed to stationing a nuclear-powered carrier at Mayport when the official Record of Decision was signed. The port will require approximately $500 million in facility enhancements to support the larger vessel, which would take several years to complete.^[144] The carrier was projected to arrive in 2019, however an amphibious group was sent before the carrier.^[145]

Blount Island Command is a Marine Corps Logistics Base whose mission is to support the Maritime Prepositioning Force (MPF) which provides for rapid deployment of personnel to link up with prepositioned equipment and supplies embarked aboard forward deployed Maritime Prepositioning Ships (MPS).^[146]

USS Jacksonvillea nuclear-powered Los Angeles-class submarine, is a U.S. Navy ship named for the city. The ship's nickname is The Bold One and Pearl Harbor is her home port.

The Florida Air National Guard is based at Jacksonville International Airport.

Coast Guard Sector Jacksonville is located on the St. Johns River next to Naval Station Mayport. Sector Jacksonville controls operations from Kings Bay, Georgia, south to Cape Canaveral, Florida. CGC KingfisherCGC Maria Brayand CGC Hammer are stationed at the Sector. Station Mayport is co-located with Sector Jacksonville and includes 25-foot (7.6 m) response boats, and 47-foot (14 m) motor lifeboats.

Culture[edit]

Leisure and entertainment[edit]

Throughout the year, many annual events of various types are held in Jacksonville. In sports, the annual Gate River Run has been held annually since March 1977.^[147] It has been the US National 15-kilometre (9.3 mi) road race Championship since 1994 and is the largest race of its distance in the country with over 13,000 runners, spectators, and volunteers, making it Jacksonville's largest participation sporting event.^[148] In college football, the Gator Bowl is held on January 1. It has been continuously held since 1946. Also, the Florida–Georgia game (also known as the "World's Largest Outdoor Cocktail Party"), the annual college football game between the rival Florida Gators and Georgia Bulldogs has been held in Jacksonville almost yearly since 1933. For six days in July the Jacksonville Kingfish Tournament is held for fishermen of all skills. With $500,000 of prizes up for grabs, up to 1000 boats participate with almost 30,000 spectators watching. Jacksonville is also home of River City Pride which is Northeast Florida's largest Gay Pride parade. The parade and festivities usually take place over the course of the weekend usually the first or second weekend in October in Jacksonville's Riverside neighborhood. The first pride parade was held in 1978.

A number of cultural events are also held in Jacksonville. The Jacksonville Jazz Festival, held downtown, is the second-largest jazz festival in the nation,^[149] while Springing the Bluesone of the oldest and largest blues festivals, has been held in Jacksonville Beach since 1990.^[150] The World of Nations Celebration has been held in Metropolitan Park since 1993, and features a number of events, food and souvenirs from various countries.

Hemming Park plays host to a variety of cultural events throughout the year.

The Art Walk, a monthly outdoor art festival on the first Wednesday of each month, is sponsored by Downtown Vision, Inc, an organization which works to promote artistic talent and venues on the First Coast. Jacksonville is home to many breweries and a growing number of distilleries.^[151] Other events include the Blessing of the Fleet held in March since 1985 and the Greater Jacksonville Agricultural Fair in November at the Jacksonville Fairgrounds and Exposition Center featuring games, rides, food, entertainment and livestock exhibition. One Spark is an annual and the largest crowdfunding event held for creators to showcase their ideas for a chance to win part of $300,000 in funding. Riverside Arts Market (RAM), an outdoor arts-and-crafts market on the Riverwalk, occurs every Saturday from March to December under the canopy of the Fuller Warren Bridge. Holiday celebrations include the Freedom, Fanfare & Fireworks celebration on July 4, the lighting of Jacksonville's official Christmas tree at the Jacksonville Landing on the day after Thanksgiving and the Jacksonville Light Parade of boats the following day.

The Jacksonville Veterans Memorial Arena, which opened in 2003, is a 16,000-seat performance venue that attracts national entertainment, sporting events and also houses the Jacksonville Sports Hall of Fame. It replaced the outdated Jacksonville Coliseum that was built in 1960 and demolished on June 26, 2003. The Jacksonville Zoo and Gardens boasts the second largest animal collection in the state. The zoo features elephants, lions, and jaguars, with an exhibit, Range of the Jaguarhosted by the former owners of the Jacksonville Jaguars, Delores and Wayne Weaver. It also has a multitude of reptile houses, free flight aviaries, and many other animals. Adventure Landing is an amusement park with locations in Jacksonville and Jacksonville Beach. The Jacksonville Beach location contains Shipwreck Island, Duval County's only waterpark.

Theatre Jacksonville was organized in 1919 as the Little Theatre and is one of the oldest continually producing community theatres in the United States. The Alhambra Dinner Theatre, located on the Southside near the University of North Florida, has offered professional productions that frequently starred well-known actors since 1967. There are also a number of popular community theatres such as Players by the Sea located in Jacksonville Beach. The Murray Hill Art Center was reopened in February 2012 through a partnership of the Jacksonville Parks and Recreation (JaxParks) and the Art League of Jacksonville, a nonprofit dedicated to arts education.^[152] The center is located in the historic Murray Hill area and offers community arts classes as well as shared studio space for aspiring artists. Visitors are welcomed year around for events and classes.

Jacksonville has two fully enclosed shopping malls. The oldest is the Regency Square Mall, which opened in 1967 and is located on former sand dunes in the Arlington area. The other is The Avenues Mall, which opened in 1990 on the Southside, at the intersection of I-95 and US 1. The Orange Park Mall is another mall located just south of the city in the suburb of Orange Park, Florida, in Clay County, off of Blanding Boulevard (State Road 21). The end of the indoor shopping mall may be indicated by the opening of The St. Johns Town Center in 2005 and the River City Marketplace, on the Northside in 2006. Both of these are "open air" malls, with a similar mix of stores, but without being contained under a single, enclosed roof. According to the International Council of Shopping Centers (ICSC), only one enclosed mall has been built in the United States since 2006.^[153]

Literature, film and television[edit]

A handful of significant literary works are associated with Jacksonville and the surrounding area. Perhaps the most important of these is that of James Weldon Johnson. His first success as a writer was the poem "Lift Ev'ry Voice and Sing" (1899), which his brother Rosamond set to music; the song became unofficially known as the "Negro National Anthem."^[154] Already famous for having written Uncle Tom's Cabin (1852), Harriet Beecher Stowe published Palmetto Leaves in 1873. A travel guide and memoir about her winters in the town of Mandarin, Florida, it was one of the first guides written about Florida and stimulated Florida's first boom of tourism and residential development in the 1880s.

Sun-Ray Cinema, formerly the 5 Points Theatre and Riverside Theatre, opened in 1927. It was the first theater equipped to show talking pictures in Florida and the third nationally. It is located in the Five Points section of town and was renamed the Five Points Theater in 1949.^[155][156] The Florida Theatre, opened in 1927, is located in downtown Jacksonville and is one of only four remaining high-style movie palaces built in Florida during the Mediterranean Revival architectural boom of the 1920s. Since that time, Jacksonville has been chosen by a number of film and television studios for location shooting. Notable motion pictures that have been partially or completely shot in Jacksonville since the silent film era include Creature from the Black Lagoon (1954), The New Adventures of Pippi Longstocking (1988), Brenda Starr (1989), G.I. Jane (1997), The Devil's Advocate (1997), Ride (1998), Why Do Fools Fall In Love (1998), Forces of Nature (1999), Tigerland (2000), Sunshine State (2002), Basic (2003), The Manchurian Candidate (2004), Lonely Hearts (2006), Moving McAllister (2007), The Year of Getting to Know Us (2008), The Ramen Girl and Like Dandelion Dust.^[157]

Notable television series or made-for-television films that have been partially or completely shot in Jacksonville include Inherit the Wind (1988), Orpheus Descending (1990), Saved by the Light (1995), The Babysitter's Seduction (1996),^[158]First Time Felon (1997), Safe Harbor (2009), Recount (2008), American Idol (2009), and Ash vs Evil Dead (2015).

Museums and art galleries[edit]

The Cummer Museum of Art and Gardens is an art museum in Jacksonville's Riverside neighborhood. It was founded in 1961, following the death of Ninah Mae Holden Cummer, who willed her collection, home, and gardens to the museum. Its galleries display one of the world's three most comprehensive collections of Meissen porcelain as well as large collections of American, European, and Japanese art. The grounds also contain two acres of Italian and English gardens begun by Ninah Cummer.^[159]

The Museum of Contemporary Art Jacksonville (MOCA Jacksonville) is a contemporary art museum funded and operated as a "cultural resource" of the University of North Florida. Tracing its roots back to the formation of Jacksonville's Fine Arts Society in 1924, it opened its current 60,000-square-foot (6,000 m²) facility next to the Main Library downtown in 2003. The museum features eclectic permanent and traveling exhibitions and a collection of over 700 works.^[159]

The Museum of Science & History (MOSH), located in downtown's Southbank Riverwalk, specializes in science and local history exhibits. It features a main exhibit that changes quarterly, plus three floors of nature exhibits, an extensive exhibit on the history of Northeast Florida, a hands-on science area and the area's only astronomy theater, the Bryan Gooding Planetarium.^{[159][160][161]}

Kingsley Plantation is a historic plantation built in 1798. The house of Zephaniah Kingsley, barn, kitchen and slave cabins still exist today.

Alexander Brest, founder of Duval Engineering and Contracting Co., was also the benefactor for the Alexander Brest Museum and Gallery on the campus of Jacksonville University. The exhibits are a diverse collection of carved ivory, Pre-Columbian artifacts, Steuben glass, Chinese porcelain and Cloisonné, Tiffany glass, Boehm porcelain and rotating exhibitions containing the work of local, regional, national and international artists.^[162]

Three other art galleries are located at educational institutions in town. Florida State College at Jacksonville has the Kent Gallery on their westside campus and the Wilson Center for the Arts at their main campus. The University Gallery is located on the campus of the University of North Florida.^[163]

The Jacksonville Karpeles Manuscript Library Museum is a branch of the world's largest private collection of original manuscripts and documents. The museum in Jacksonville is in a 1921 neoclassical building on the outskirts of downtown.^[164][165] In addition to document displays, there is also an antique-book library, with volumes dating from the late 19th century.

The Catherine Street Fire Station building is on the National Register of Historic Places and was relocated to Metropolitan Park in 1993. It houses the Jacksonville Fire Museum and features 500+ artifacts including an 1806 hand pumper.

The LaVilla Museum opened in 1999 and features a permanent display of African-American history. The art exhibits are changed periodically.

There are also several historical properties and items of interest in the city, including the Klutho Building, the Old Morocco Temple Building, the Palm and Cycad Arboretum, and the Prime F. Osborn III Convention Center, originally built as Union Station train depot. The Jacksonville Historical Society showcases two restoration projects: the 1887 St. Andrews Episcopal Church and the 1879 Merrill House, both located near the sports complex.

Music[edit]

The Ritz Theatre, opened in 1929, is located in the LaVilla neighborhood of the northern part of Jacksonville's downtown. The Jacksonville music scene was active in the 1930s in LaVilla, which was known as "Harlem of the South".^[166] Black musicians from across the country visited Jacksonville to play standing room only performances at the Ritz Theatre and the Knights of Pythias Hall. Cab Calloway, Duke Ellington, Ella Fitzgerald and Louis Armstrong were a few of the legendary performers who appeared. After his mother died when he was 15, Ray Charles lived with friends of his mother while he played piano at the Ritz for a year, before moving on to fame and fortune. The Ritz Theatre was rebuilt and opened in October 1999.

Jacksonville native Pat Boone was a popular 1950s singer and teen idol. During the 1960s, the Classics IV was the most successful pop rock band from Jacksonville. Southern Rock was defined by the Allman Brothers Band, which formed in 1969 in Jacksonville. Lynyrd Skynyrd achieved near cult status and inspired Blackfoot, Molly Hatchet and .38 Special, all successful in the 1970s. The 1980s were a quiet decade for musical talent in Jacksonville.

The Times-Union Center for the Performing Arts consists of three distinct halls: the Jim & Jan Moran Theatera venue for touring Broadway shows; the Jacoby Symphony Hallhome of the Jacksonville Symphony Orchestra; and the Terry Theaterintended for small shows and recitals. The building was originally erected as the Civic Auditorium in 1962 and underwent a major renovation and construction in 1996.

The next local group to achieve national success was the nu metal band Limp Bizkit, formed in 1994. Other popular Hip Hop acts in the 1990s included 95 South, 69 Boyz and the Quad City DJ's. The bands Inspection 12, Cold and Yellowcard were also well known and had a large following. Following the millennium, Fit For Rivals, Burn Season, Evergreen Terrace, Shinedown, The Red Jumpsuit Apparatus, and Black Kids became notable bands from the city.

Sports[edit]

Jacksonville is home to one major league sports team, the Jacksonville Jaguars of the National Football League (NFL). The Jaguars joined the NFL as an expansion team in the 1995 season; they play their home games at TIAA Bank Field.^[167] In 2005, Jacksonville hosted Super Bowl XXXIX. The PGA Tour, which organizes the main professional golf tournaments in the U.S., is headquartered in the suburb of Ponte Vedra Beach, where it holds The Players Championship every year.^[168]

Jacksonville is also home to several minor league-level teams. The Jacksonville Jumbo Shrimp, a class Double-A baseball team, have played in Jacksonville continuously since 1970, longer than any other Double-A team has been in its city, and are the top-selling franchise in the Southern League.^[169][170] The Jacksonville Sharks, who began play in 2010, were the champions of the Arena Football League's ArenaBowl XXIV in 2011^[171][172] and now play in the National Arena League. The Jacksonville Axemen are a semi-professional rugby league team founded in 2006, and now play in the USA Rugby League.^[173] The Jacksonville Giants basketball team started play in the new American Basketball Association in December 2010. The Giants won the 2012 ABA Championship in March 2012 in Tampa, Florida.^{[174][175][176]} The Jacksonville Armada FC is a soccer team that began play in the North American Soccer League (NASL) in 2015.^[177]

College sports, especially college football, are popular in Jacksonville. The city hosts the Florida–Georgia game, an annual college football game between the University of Florida and the University of Georgia and the TaxSlayer Gator Bowl, a post-season college football bowl game. Jacksonville's two universities compete in NCAA Division I: the University of North Florida Ospreys and the Jacksonville University Dolphins, both in the Atlantic Sun Conference.^[178][179]

Government and politics[edit]

Government[edit]

The most noteworthy feature of Jacksonville government is its consolidated nature, an arrangement brought about in the 1968 Jacksonville Consolidation. The Duval County-Jacksonville consolidation eliminated any type of separate county executive or legislature, and supplanted these positions with the Mayor of Jacksonville and the City Council of the City of Jacksonville, respectively. Because of this, voters who live outside of the city limits of Jacksonville but inside Duval County are allowed to vote in elections for these positions and to run for them. In fact, in 1995, John Delaney, a resident of Neptune Beach, was elected mayor of the city of Jacksonville.

Jacksonville is organized under the city charter and provides for a "strong" mayor–council form of city government. The Mayor of Jacksonville is elected to four-year terms and serves as the head of the government's executive branch. The Jacksonville City Council comprises nineteen members, fourteen representing electoral districts and five more in at-large seats. The mayor oversees most city departments, though some are independent or quasi-independent. Law enforcement is provided by the Jacksonville Sheriff's Office, headed by an elected sheriff, public schools are overseen by Duval County Public Schools, and several services are provided by largely independent authorities. The mayor holds veto power over all resolutions and ordinances made by the city council and also has the power to hire and fire the head of various city departments.

Some government services remained—as they had been before consolidation—independent of both city and county authority. In accordance with Florida law, the school board continues to exist with nearly complete autonomy. Jacksonville also has several quasi-independent government agencies which only nominally answer to the consolidated authority, including electric authority, port authority, transportation authority, housing authority and airport authority. The main environmental and agricultural body is the Duval County Soil and Water Conservation District, which works closely with other area and state agencies.

The Jacksonville Housing Authority (JHA) is the quasi-independent agency responsible for public housing and subsidized housing in Jacksonville. The Mayor and City Council of Jacksonville established the JHA in 1994 to create an effective, community service oriented, public housing agency with innovative ideas and a different attitude. The primary goal was to provide safe, clean, affordable housing for eligible low and moderate income families, the elderly, and persons with disabilities. The secondary goal was to provide effective social services, work with residents to improve their quality of life, encourage employment and self-sufficiency, and help residents move out of assisted housing. To that end, JHA works with HabiJax to help low and moderate income families to escape the public housing cycle and become successful, productive, homeowners and taxpayers.

Politics[edit]

The present mayor is Lenny Curry, who assumed office on July 1, 2015.^[180] The past mayor was Alvin Brown.^[181]

Federally, most of the city is in the 4th district, represented by Republican John Rutherford. Most of central Jacksonville is in the 5th district, represented by Democrat Al Lawson. The 4th and 5th districts were some of the most gerrymandered districts in the country^[182]—In 2014, the Florida Supreme Court ordered the state legislature to redraw at least eight of the congressional districts.^[183]

In 2010, Duval County's crime rate was 5,106 per 100,000 people, according to the Florida Department of Law Enforcement. The county's murder rate had been the highest among Florida's counties with a population of 500,000 or more for eleven years in 2009, leading to widespread discussion in the community about how to deal with the problem. In 2010 Duval County's violent crime rate decreased by 9.3% from the previous year, with total crime decreasing 7.3%, putting the murder rate behind that of Miami-Dade County.^[184]

Jacksonville and Duval County historically maintained separate police agencies: the Jacksonville Police Department and Duval County Sheriff's Office. As part of consolidation in 1968, the two merged, creating the Jacksonville Sheriff's Office (JSO). The JSO is headed by the elected Sheriff of Jacksonville, currently Mike Williams, and is responsible for law enforcement and corrections in the county.

Education[edit]

Primary and secondary education[edit]

Public primary and secondary schools in Jacksonville and Duval County are administered by Duval County Public Schools, which is governed by an elected, seven-member Duval County School Board. In the 2009–2010 school year the district enrolled 123,000 students. It administers 172 total schools, including 103 elementary schools, 25 middle schools, 19 high schools, 3 K–8 schools, and 1 6–12 school, as well as 13 charter schools and a juvenile justice school program.^[185] Of these, 62 are designated magnet schools.^[185]

Three of Jacksonville's high schools, Stanton College Preparatory School, Darnell-Cookman School of the Medical Arts and Paxon School for Advanced Studies regularly appear at the top of Newsweek magazine's annual list of the country's top public high schools, coming in respectively at #3 #7, and #8 in the 2010 edition.^[186] Five other schools, Douglas Anderson School of the Arts (#33), Mandarin High School (#97), Duncan U. Fletcher High School (#205) Sandalwood High School (#210), and Englewood High School (#1146) were also included in the list.^[186]

The Roman Catholic Diocese of St. Augustine operates a number of Catholic schools in Jacksonville, including two high schools, Bishop Kenny High School and Bishop John J. Snyder High School.^[187] Other private schools in Jacksonville include Arlington Country Day School, the Bolles School, Trinity Christian Academy, and the Episcopal School of Jacksonville.^[188]

Colleges and universities[edit]

Jacksonville is home to a number of institutions of higher education. The University of North Florida (UNF), opened in 1972, is a public institution and a member of the State University System of Florida. Former mayor John Delaney has been president of UNF since 2003. Jacksonville University (JU) is a private institution founded in 1934. Edward Waters College, established in 1866, is the oldest college in Jacksonville and the state's oldest historically black college. Florida State College at Jacksonville is a state college and a member of the Florida College System, offering two-year associate's degrees as well as some four-year bachelor's degrees. The University of Florida has its second campus of the J. Hillis Miller Health Science Center in Jacksonville.^[189][190]

Other colleges and universities in Jacksonville include Florida Coastal School of Law and Jones College.^[191] Also in the area are St. Johns River State College, a state college with campuses in Clay, St. Johns, and Putnam Counties, and Flagler College in St. Augustine.^[192] The Mayo Clinic College of Medicine and Science also offers educational programs from its Mayo Clinic Jacksonville campus.^[193]

Public libraries[edit]

Jacksonville Main Library

The Jacksonville Public Library had its beginnings when May Moore and Florence Murphy started the "Jacksonville Library and Literary Association" in 1878. The Association was populated by various prominent Jacksonville residents and sought to create a free public library and reading room for the city.^[194]

Over the course of 127 years, the system has grown from that one room library to become one of the largest in the state. The Jacksonville library system has twenty branches, ranging in size from the 54,000 sq ft (5,000 m²) West Regional Library to smaller neighborhood libraries like Westbrook and Eastside. The Library annually receives nearly 4 million visitors and circulates over 6 million items. Nearly 500,000 library cards are held by area residents.^[195]

On November 12, 2005, the new 300,000 sq ft (30,000 m²) Main Library opened to the public, replacing the 40-year-old Haydon Burns Library. The largest public library in the state, the opening of the new main library marked the completion of an unprecedented period of growth for the system under the Better Jacksonville Plan.^[196] The new Main Library offers specialized reading rooms, public access to hundreds of computers and public displays of art, an extensive collection of books, and special collections ranging from the African-American Collection to the recently opened Holocaust Collection.^[194]

Infrastructure[edit]

Transportation[edit]

Roadways and bridges[edit]

There are seven bridges over the St. Johns River at Jacksonville. They include (starting from furthest downstream) the Napoleon Bonaparte Broward Bridge (Dames Point) (which carries Interstate 295 Eastern Beltway traffic), the John E. Mathews Bridge, the Isaiah D. Hart Bridge, the John T. Alsop Jr. Bridge (Main Street), the St. Elmo W. Acosta Bridge, the Fuller Warren Bridge (which carries I-95 traffic) and the Henry Holland Buckman Bridge (which carries I-295 North/South traffic). Also, next to the Acosta Bridge is a large jackknife railroad bridge built in the 1920s by Henry flagler's FEC railroad.

Beginning in 1953, tolls were charged on the Hart, Mathews, Fuller Warren and the Main Street bridges to pay for bridge construction, renovations and many other highway projects. As Jacksonville grew, toll plazas created bottlenecks and caused delays and accidents during rush hours. In 1988, Jacksonville voters chose to eliminate toll collection and replace the revenue with a ½ cent local sales tax increase. In 1989, the toll booths were removed.

Interstate 10 (I-10) and I-95 intersect in Jacksonville, forming the busiest intersection in the region with 200,000 vehicles each day.^[197] I-10 ends at this intersection (the other end being in Santa Monica, California). Additionally, State Road 202 (SR 202, J. Turner Butler Boulevard) connects Jacksonville to the beaches.

I-95 has a bypass route, I-295, which encircles the downtown area. The major interchange at I-295 and SR 202 was finally completed on December 24, 2008. SR 9B is under construction and will connect I-295's southeast corner to the Bayard Area.^[198] SR 9B will be called I-795 when it is completed. U.S. Highway 1 (US 1) and US 17 travel through the city from the south to the north, and US 23 enters the city running concurrently with US 1. In downtown, US 23 splits from US 1 and quickly runs to its southern terminus.
The eastern terminus of US 90 is in nearby Jacksonville Beach near the Atlantic Ocean.
US 23's other end is in Mackinaw City, Michigan.

Several regional transportation projects have been undertaken in recent years to deal with congestion on Jacksonville freeways. A $152 million project to create a high-speed interchange at the intersection of Interstates 10 and 95 began in February 2005, after the conclusion of Super Bowl XXXIX. Construction was expected to take nearly six years with multiple lane flyovers and the requirement that the interchange remain open throughout the project. The previous configuration utilized single lane, low speed, curved ramps which created backups during rush hours and contributed to accidents.^[199]
Also, construction of 9B, future Interstate 795, is currently underway.

Transit system[edit]

The Jacksonville Skyway is an automated people mover connecting Florida State College at Jacksonville downtown campus, the Northbank central business district, Convention Center, and Southbank locations. The system includes 8 stops connected by two lines. The existing train is a UMIII monorail built by Bombardier. The guideway consists of concrete beams which rest atop an unusually large support structure not used in most monorail systems. Maximum speed for the train is 48 km/h (30 mph).^[200]

A monorail was first proposed in the 1970s as part of a mobility plan hoping to attract interest from the Urban Mass Transit Administration's Downtown Peoplemover Program. The initial study was undertaken by the Florida Department of Transportation and Jacksonville's planning department, who took the Skyway project to the Jacksonville Transportation Authority (JTA) in 1977. Following further development and a final 18-month feasibility study, the UMTA selected Jacksonville as one of seven cities to receive federal funding for an automated people mover. Two other related projects are Miami's Metromover and Detroit's People Mover. UMTA's approved plan called for the construction of a 2.5-mile (4.0 km) Phase I system to be built in three segments.

Modal characteristics[edit]

In 2014, the Jacksonville was among the top large cities ranked by percentage of commuters who drove to work alone (80 percent).^[201] According to the 2016 American Community Survey, 80 percent of city of Jacksonville residents commuted in single-occupancy vehicles, 8.6 percent carpooled, 2.6 percent used public transportation, and 2.7 percent walked. All other forms of transportation combined for 1.7 percent of the commuter modal share, while 4.5 percent worked out of the home.^[202]

Some patterns of car ownership are similar to national averages. In 2015, 8.3 percent of city of Jacksonville households lacked a car, which increased slightly to 8.7 percent in 2016. The national average was 8.7 percent in 2016. Jacksonville averaged 1.62 cars per household in 2016, compared to a national average of 1.8.^[203]

Rail[edit]

Amtrak, the national passenger rail system, provides daily service from the Jacksonville Amtrak Station on Clifford Lane in the northwest section of the city. Two trains presently stop there, the Silver Meteor and Silver Star. Jacksonville was also served by the thrice-weekly Sunset Limited and the daily Silver Palm. Service on the Silver Palm was cut back to Savannah, Georgia in 2002. The Sunset Limited route was truncated at San Antonio, Texas as a result of the track damage in the Gulf Coast area caused by Hurricane Katrina on August 28, 2005. Service was restored as far east as New Orleans by late October 2005, but Amtrak has opted not to fully restore service into Florida.

Jacksonville is the headquarters of two significant freight railroads. CSX Transportation, owns a large building on the downtown riverbank that is a significant part of the skyline. Florida East Coast Railway and RailAmerica also call Jacksonville home.

Airports[edit]

Jacksonville is served by Jacksonville International Airport (IATA: JAXICAO: KJAXFAA LID: JAX), 13 miles north of downtown, with 82 departures a day to 27 nonstop destination cities. Airports in Jacksonville are managed by the Jacksonville Aviation Authority (JAA). Smaller aircraft use Jacksonville Executive at Craig Airport (IATA: CRGICAO: KCRGFAA LID: CRG) in Arlington, Herlong Recreational Airport (ICAO: KHEGFAA LID: HEG) on the Westside, and Cecil Airport (IATA: VQQICAO: KVQQFAA LID: VQQ), at Cecil Commerce Center. The state of Florida has designated Cecil Airport a space port, allowing horizontal lift spacecraft to use the facility.

Seaports[edit]

Public seaports in Jacksonville are managed by the Jacksonville Port Authority, known as JAXPORT. Four modern deepwater (40 ft) seaport facilities, including America's newest cruise port, make Jacksonville a full-service international seaport. In FY2006, JAXPORT handled 8.7 million tons of cargo, including nearly 610,000 vehicles, which ranks Jacksonville 2nd in the nation in automobile handling, behind only the Port Authority of New York and New Jersey.^[204]

The 20 other maritime facilities not managed by the Port Authority move about 10 million tons of additional cargo in and out of the St. Johns River. In terms of total tonnage, the Port of Jacksonville ranks 40th nationally; within Florida, it is 3rd behind Tampa and Port Everglades.

In 2003, the JAXPORT Cruise Terminal opened, providing cruise service for 1,500 passengers to Key West, Florida, the Bahamas, and Mexico via Carnival Cruise Lines ship, Celebration, which was retired in April 2008. For almost five months, no cruises originated from Jacksonville until September 20, 2008, when the cruise ship Fascination departed with 2,079 passengers.^[205] In Fiscal year 2006, there were 78 cruise ship sailings with 128,745 passengers.^[206] A JaxPort spokesperson said in 2008 that they expect 170,000 passengers to sail each year.^[207]

Jacksonville Fire and Rescue operates a fleet of three fireboats.^[208] Its vessels are called on to fight approximately 75 fires per year.^[209]

The Mayport Ferry connects the north and south ends of State Road A1A between Mayport and Fort George Island, and is the last active ferry in Florida. The state of Florida transferred responsibility for ferry operations to JAXPORT on October 1, 2007.

Utilities[edit]

Basic utilities in Jacksonville (water, sewer, electric) are provided by JEA (formerly the Jacksonville Electric Authority). According to Article 21 of the Jacksonville City Charter,

JEA is authorized to own, manage and operate a utilities system within and outside the City of Jacksonville. JEA is created for the express purpose of acquiring, constructing, operating, financing and otherwise have plenary authority with respect to electric, water, sewer, natural gas and such other utility systems as may be under its control now or in the future.^[210]

People's Gas is Jacksonville's natural gas provider. Comcast is Jacksonville's local cable provider. AT&T (formerly BellSouth) is Jacksonville's local phone provider, and their U-Verse service offers TV, internet, and VoIP phone service to customers served by fiber-to-the-premises or fiber-to-the-node using a VRAD. The city has a successful recycling program with separate pickups for garbage, yard waste and recycling. Collection is provided by several private companies under contract to the City of Jacksonville.

Health[edit]

Landing pad at Baptist Medical Center Downtown

Major players in the Jacksonville health care industry include St. Vincent's HealthCare, Baptist Health and UF Health Jacksonville for local residents. Additionally, Nemours Children's Clinic and Mayo Clinic Jacksonville each draw patients regionally.

The TaxExemptWorld.com website, which compiles Internal Revenue Service data, reported that in 2007, there are 2,910 distinct, active, tax exempt/non-profit organizations in Jacksonville which, excluding Credit Unions, had a total income of $7.08 billion and assets of $9.54 billion.^[211]
There are 333 charitable organizations with assets of over $1 million. The largest share of assets was tied to Medical facilities, $4.5 billion. The problems of the homeless are addressed by several non-profits, most notably the Sulzbacher Center and the Clara White Mission.

Notable people[edit]

Sister cities[edit]

Jacksonville has eight sister cities.^[212] Sie sind:

- Bahía Blanca, Argentina (since 1967) - Murmansk, Russia (1975) - Changwon, South Gyeongsang, South Korea (1983) - Nantes, Loire-Atlantique, Pays de la Loire, France (1984) - Yingkou, Liaoning, China (1990) - Port Elizabeth/Nelson Mandela Bay, South Africa (2000) - Curitiba, Paraná, Brazil (2009) - San Juan, Puerto Rico (2009)

See also[edit]

1. ^ Mean monthly maxima and minima (i.e. the highest and lowest temperature readings during an entire month or year) calculated based on data at said location from 1981 to 2010.
   


2. ^ Official records for Jacksonville were kept at downtown from September 1871 to December 1955, Imeson Field from January 1, 1956 to January 18, 1971, and at Jacksonville Int'l since January 19, 1971. For more information, see Threaded Station Extremes.
   

References[edit]

1. ^ ^{a b} "US Gazetteer files: 2010, 2000, and 1990". United States Census Bureau. February 12, 2011. Retrieved April 23, 2011.
   


2. ^ "Consolidation". The Jacksonville Historical Society. Retrieved 9 October 2018.
   


3. ^ "2016 U.S. Gazetteer Files". United States Census Bureau. Retrieved July 7, 2017.
   


4. ^ "American FactFinder". United States Census Bureau. Retrieved May 25, 2018.
   


5. ^ "Demographics." City of Jacksonville Seal. N.p., n. D. Netz. April 28, 2017.
   


6. ^ ^{a b} "American FactFinder". Retrieved May 25, 2018.
   


7. ^ ^{a b} "Call Box". The Florida Times-Union. April 26, 2000. Retrieved December 5, 2014.
   


8. ^ ^{a b} Donges, Patrick (April 17, 2014). "What Do You Call Someone From Jacksonville?". news.wjct.org. WJCT. Retrieved December 5, 2014.
   


9. ^ U.S. Geological Survey Geographic Names Information System: Jacksonville, Florida
   


10. ^ Conte, Christian (March 17, 2011). "Jacksonville grew 11.7% in 10 years". Jacksonville Business Journal. Retrieved March 30, 2011.
    


11. ^ "Cities with 100,000 or More Population in 2000 ranked by Land Area (square miles) /1, 2000 in Rank Order". US. Census Bureau, Administrative and Customer Services Division, Statistical Compendia Branch. March 16, 2004. Archived from the original on October 17, 2002. Retrieved October 26, 2010.
    


12. ^ "Find a County". National Association of Counties. Retrieved June 7, 2011.
    


13. ^ "Jacksonville had biggest population jump in state". WJXT. Associated Press. May 21, 2015. Retrieved May 21, 2015.
    


14. ^ "American FactFinder, US Census Bureau". www.census.gov. US Census Bureau. Retrieved April 5, 2017.
    


15. ^ "Distance from Jacksonville, FL to Miami, FL". check-distance.com. Retrieved 2019-02-13.
    


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Further reading[edit]

• Bartley, Abel A., and Jon L. WakelynKeeping the Faith: Race, Politics, and Social Development in Jacksonville, Florida, 1940–1970, Greenwood Publishing, 2000.


• Cassanello, Robert. To Render Invisible: Jim Crow and Public Life in New South Jacksonville. Gainesville, FL: University Press of Florida, 2013.


• Cowart, John Wilson. Crackers and Carpetbaggers: Moments in the History of Jacksonville, Florida.


• Cowart, John Wilson. Heroes all: a history of firefighting in Jacksonville.


• Crooks, James B. Jacksonville: The Consolidation Story, from Civil Rights to the Jaguars, University Press of Florida, 2004.


• Foley, Bill; Wood, Wayne (2001). The great fire of 1901 (1st ed.). Jacksonville, Florida: The Jacksonville Historical Society.


• Jackson, David H., Jr., "'Industrious, Thrifty, and Ambitious': Jacksonville's African American Businesspeople during the Jim Crow Era," Florida Historical Quarterly, 90 (Spring 2012), 453–87.


• Mason, Jr., Herman. African-American Life in Jacksonville, Arcadia Publishing, 1997.


• Oehser, John. Jags to Riches: The Cinderella Season of the Jacksonville Jaguars, St. Martins Press, 1997.


• Schaefer, Daniel. From scratch pads and dreams: A ten year history of the University of North Florida, University of North Florida, 1982.


• Wagman, Jules. Jacksonville and Florida's First Coast, Windsor Publishing, 1989.


• Williams, Caroyln. Historic Photos of Jacksonville, Turner Publishing Company, 2006.

External links[edit]